Factors Causing Abusive Behaviour

Factors Causing Abusive BehaviourDiscuss the pathways that lead to a youngster becoming an ab utilizerIntroduction disgust can take many forms, including physical, knowledgeable, psychological or financial1. It can in like manner be communicatory and mad2. There be frequently difficulties associated with defining abuse3, which exists in spite of appearance social, cultural and legal parameters for example using physical chastisement with fryren in whatever cultures is considered to be the norm4. In the UK, while the use of implements to hit children has been made illegal5, the debate about smacking continues it is good-tempered permissible to use reason open chastisement6, although in that location has been criticism of this from such agencies as the case Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) who assert that any form of physical punishment should be outlawed.Physical abuse is more comprehensively specify ashitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burnin g, scalding, dr avowing, suffocating or otherwise causing physical harm(p. 533)7The definition of sexualityual abuse varies according to the nature of the victim (for example in coitus to child sexual abuse) however a broad definition is that it involves the misuse of power, which power be combined with the use of force, to gain sexual gratification from a vulnerable person8Psychological and emotional abuse drive home some similarities, however psychological abuse is distinguishable from emotional abuse in that it results in some form of cognitive or mental impairment9 whereas emotional abuse is, arguably, more difficult to quantify as there is a degree of subjectivity mixed however it has been described as the use of wholeness or more of the following behaviours humiliation, harassment, verbal abuse, demonstrating jealous and possessive behaviour, using threats, abandonment, destruction or remotion of items that are important to the recipient, using controlling behaviour (for example within a relationship) and undermining someone with a view to lowering their self- esteem10Financial abuse is defined asThe intentional or opportunistic appropriation of the income, capital or property of a vulnerable person through theft, fraud, deception, undue influence or exploitation (p. 17).11Verbal abuse is frequently a component of other types of abuse for example psychological and emotional abuse is likely to involve verbal abuse, which essentially, is the use of language which is disrespectful and hurtful to the recipient12.A complex form of abuse arises from Munchausen syndrome by Proxy13. This involves a parent or care- giver (most frequently the mother) magnanimous an often plausible impression to health practitioners that a child is ill, by falsifying symptoms, providing false specimens, administering substances which affect the childs health, or by inflicting wounds or interfering with existing injuries. Quite often the mother has some health care experience so is equipped with the knowledge to inform her actions, and is also able to feign concern while at the same time giving the impression of being pleasant and cooperative. Inevitably the child is likely to suffer superfluous distress, pain and discomfort and as such the effect of this syndrome is considered to be a form of child abuse, involving as it does physical, psychological and emotional harm. Health professionals may unknowingly be complicit in the abuse by conducting investigations and invasive procedures which can cause further distress14. The mother is motivated by her own psychological needs for tending and a sense of worth. The reasons why somebody should develop this syndrome are not clear, and various theories of causation have been put forward, such as personality disorder, depressive indisposition, emotional disturbance and substance abuse15. Some sources report that the mother herself may have been ill-treat as a child16. If this is the case then this could be o ne chronicle for why a child becomes an abuser.There are various manifestations of abuse within the context of this question. Some children demonstrate shameful behaviour while still in their childhood17 a notorious and extreme example of this is the murder of two- year old James Bulger by two ten year old boys in 199318. Other children go on to display abusive behaviour during their adolescence19,20,21 while in other pot, abusive behaviour does not emerge until adulthood disdain it being achievable to trace influential factors back to their childhood22The abused who becomes the abuserIt is a widely held assumption that people who become abusers, were abused themselves and indeed there is evidence to support this contention23,24 . Children who enkindle up within an abusive environment are three times more likely to become abusers, however it also important to acknowledge that not all children who have been abused go on to become abusers25. It would appear that it is more likely for abused children to become abusers if they grow up within an environment where multifactorial influences are present such as a family history of violence, sexual abuse by a female, parental command and lack of supervision26,27 . It is important to gain an understanding of why children who have been abused might themselves become abusers, as these factors can be addressed as part of a preventative strategy (breaking the cycle of abuse). Firstly there is evidence that there may be intergenerational transmission of parenting style, whether good or severe the child simply goes on to practice what they have absorbed as a child, some of which might be on an unconscious level28 . It is also possible that the person is left with feelings of rage, anger and resentment from having been abused and the disempowering effect that this has had on them. They might go on to project these feelings onto a more vulnerable person than they such as a child using them to vent their feelings manife sted as a form of abuse. The person who was abused as a child might feel angry if they are unable to punish or hurt the perpetrator of their abuse and instead might turn on a interchange who becomes the object of their frustrations29,30. They might even use the victim of their abuse as a means of offloading the residual emotions they have as a result of their own experiences of abuse.Ward and Siegerts pathways model31 reflects the terminology within the title and offers some explanations for the reasons that people go on to commit sexual abuse, specifically. There are five pathways within this model intimacy and social skills deficits deviant sexual scripts emotional dysregulation anti- social cognitions and multiple dysfunctional mechanisms. These are relevant to the question because the origin of sexually abusive behaviour is linked to early life experiences within at least three of these pathways it is the manifestation of the behaviours that varies. Intimacy and social skills d eficits are associated with childhood experiences of abuse and neglect and insecure attachment relationships with adults. .Elsewhere attachment deficit has been cited as a cause of violent behaviour in adulthood towards a partner, which is associated with fear of abandonment32. The deviant sexual scripts pathway is explained by the experience of childhood sexual abuse the individuals sexual script reflecting their past experience. Multiple dysfunctional mechanisms are verbalise to develop from childhood experiences of sexual victimisation or early exposure to sexual behaviour and/ or material. The value of this model has been identified as oblation a framework for appropriate treatment for sex offenders, as the underlying reason for the behaviour can be identified and addressed33.Psychosocial factorsPsychosocial factors such as parental firing due to death, separation or divorce have been linked with children becoming abusers34 however the likelihood of this occurring is increase d if there are multiple factors involved, as indicated on p. 4, para. 1. It is also possible that the child who has not been directly abused themselves, but has witnessed violence at close quarters, for example their mother being abused by their father, learns that violence is an appropriate behaviour in relation to the resolution of conflict35. However it could be argued that exposing children to such behaviour in itself constitutes a form of abuse, as it is distressing and can have long- term psychological effects. In relation to exposure to violence, there is a body of evidence to link the relationship among playing violent video games, and watching violent films, with an increase in aggressive behaviour36,37 . A link was made between the killing of James Bulger (referred to supra on p. 3, para. 2) and the influence of video violence, although there were also several other proposed causes for the incident38. There are also links made between socioeconomic factors and the relati ve incidence of abuse39,40, however once again there are likely to be other, interrelated contributory factors, such as unemployment and alcohol or drug abuse. finaleAn extensive review of the literature yields a compelling argument that many abusers were themselves abused as children. However it is also clear that not all children who have been abused become abusers themselves. There are gaps in the literature in relation to examining the reasons why some individuals and not others, are able to turn outdoor(a) from the effects of abuse. It would appear that the reasons why a child becomes an abuser are complex and multifactorial it has been suggested at several points in this essay that the effects of one single causative factor can be strengthened by the presence of other negative factors. In summary, the factors that might cause a child to become an abuser accept being the victim of abuse, be it physical, sexual, emotional or a combination of one or more types being exposed to violent behaviour (for example between parents) exposure to materials that depict violence, such as magazines, films and video games emotional deprivation leading to attachment deficit loss of a parent exposure to sexually explicit materials and/ or behaviour neglect the abuse of alcohol and/ or drugs within the home poverty and a lack of (non- abusive) discipline and guidance.ReferencesAbuse definitions and symptoms. Verbal Abuse. http//www.nemasys.com/ghostwolf/Resources/abusedef.shtml 2004 Accessed maiden February 2007.Adshead G and Brooke D (eds.) Munchausens syndrome by proxy current issues in assessment, treatment and research. Imperial College offer 2001.Bagley C. Child Abusers Research and Treatment. usual Publishers. 2003. p.2bbc.co.uk. 1993 Two boys charged with toddlers murder. http//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552185.stm. Accessed 1st February 2007.bbc.co.uk. sensitive smacking law comes into force. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi /uk/4175905.stm 2005. Accessed 1st February 2007.Boyles S. Do Sexually Abused Kids Become Abusers? WebMD. http//www.webmd.com/content/article/60/67158.htm 2003 Accessed 31 January 2007.Brogden M and Nijhar P Crime, Abuse and the Elderly. Willan Publishing. 2000. p. 44Brown S. Treating Sex Offenders an introduction to sex offender treatment programmes. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 93. stem M. Invited commentaries on Cycle of child sexual abuse links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator. The British Journal of abnormal psychology 179 2001 pp. 495-496Cardwell M and Flanagan C Psychology A2. Nelson Thornes. 2003. p. 53Catherall D. The vade mecum of Stress, detriment, and the Family. Routledge. 2004. p. 385.Cohle S and Byard R. Sudden Death in Infancy, puerility and Adolescence. Cambridge University public press. 2004. p.138Duncan K. Healing From The Trauma Of Childhood Sexual Abuse the journey for women. Praeger/Greenwood 2004. p. 205.Elliot J and Place M. Children in Di fficulty A Guide to Understanding and Helping. Routledge 2004. pp. 110-111Erooga M. Children and teen stack Who Sexually Abuse Others challenges and responses. Routledge 1999.Flowers R Domestic Crimes, Family Violence and Child Abuse A Study of Contemporary American SocietyMcFarland Company. 2000. p. 14.Goodwin J. Munchausens Syndrome as a dissociative disorder. https//scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/1331/1/Diss_1_1_6_OCR.pdf Accessed second February 2007Greer S. Territorial Politics and Health Policy UK Health Policy in Comparative Perspective. Manchester University Press. 2005. p.59Hagell A Jeyarajah-Dent R Children Who Commit Acts of Serious Interpersonal Violence Messages for Practice. Jessica Kinglsey publishers. 2006. p. 75. hillock M and Lockyer A. early days Justice and Child Protection. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2006. p.124.Hines D and Malley- Morrison K. Family Violence in a Cultural Perspective. keen-sighted Publications. 2004. pp. 4, 49.Horton I an d Feltham C. The Sage Handbook of Counselling And Psychotherapy. Sage Publicaiotns 2006. p. 464.Itzin C. Home truths about child sexual abuse a reader. Routledge 2000. p.222.Kandel Englander, E. Understanding violence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2002. p.11Knauer S. Recovering from Sexual Abuse, Addictions, and Compulsive Behaviors Numb Survivors. Haworth Press. 2002. pp. 146-7Krahe B. The sociable Psychology of Aggression. Psychology Press (UK). 2001. p. 161.Marshall W, OReilly G, Carr A and Beckett R. Handbook of Clinical Intervention with Young People Who Sexually Abuse. Psychology Press. 2004. pp. 47-50Macleod-Brudene I. Advanced Early Years Care and reproduction For Levels 4 and 5. Harcourt Heinemann. 2004. p. 397McAuley C, Pecora P and Rose W. Enhancing the Well Being of Children And Families Through Effective Interventions. Jessica Kingsley Publishers 2006. p. 144.Mukherji P. Understanding Childrens Challenging Behaviour. Nelson Thornes 2001. p. 58.National Audit Office. pr otecting and promoting the financial affairs of people who lose mental capacity. The Stationery Office. 2005. p. 17.Plat- Jones J. Domestic violence the role of health professionals. Nursing Standard. 21(14-15-16) 2006pp. 44-48Reference.com. James Bulger. http//www.reference.com/browse/wiki/James_Bulger. Accessed 1st February 2007Sigelman C and Rider E. Life- span homo Development. Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. p. 449Skuse D and Bouvier P. Risk of sexually abused children becoming adult abusers lower than once thought. The Lancet February 2003.Stosny S. Treating Attachment Abuse A Compassionate ApproachSpringer Publishing 1995. pp. 42-44.Tilley N. Handbook Of Crime Prevention And Community Safety. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 533Wilson R. Fabricated or induced illness in children. British Medical Journal. 323. 2001. pp. 296-297Total word count (does not include footnotes) 22531Footnotes1Brogden M and Nijhar P Crime, Abuse and the Elderly. Willan Publishing. 2000. p. 442 Flowers R Domesti c Crimes, Family Violence and Child Abuse A Study of Contemporary American SocietyMcFarland Company. 2000. p. 14.3,10Hines D and Malley- Morrison K. Family Violence in a Cultural Perspective. Sage Publications. 2004. pp. 4, 494 Mukherji P. Understanding Childrens Challenging Behaviour. Nelson Thornes 2001. p. 58.5 Macleod-Brudene I. Advanced Early Years Care and Education For Levels 4 and 5. Harcourt Heinemann. 2004. p. 397.6 bbc.co.uk. New smacking law comes into force. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4175905.stm 2005. Accessed 1st February 2007.7 Tilley N. Handbook Of Crime Prevention And Community Safety. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 533.8 Horton I and Feltham C. The Sage Handbook of Counselling And Psychotherapy. Sage Publicaiotns 2006. p. 464.9 Krahe B. The Social Psychology of Aggression. Psychology Press (UK). 2001. p. 161.1011 National Audit Office. protecting and promoting the financial affairs of people who lose mental capacity. The Stationery Office. 2005. p. 17.12 Abuse def initions and symptoms. Verbal Abuse. http//www.nemasys.com/ghostwolf/Resources/abusedef.shtml 2004 Accessed 1st February 2007.13 Adshead G and Brooke D (eds.) Munchausens syndrome by proxy current issues in assessment , treatment and research. Imperial College Press 2001.14 Wilson R. Fabricated or induced illness in children. British Medical Journal. 323. 2001. pp. 296-297.15 Cohle S and Byard R. Sudden Death in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. Cambridge University Press. 2004. p.13816 Goodwin J. Munchausens Syndrome as a dissociative disorder. https//scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/1331/1/Diss_1_1_6_OCR.pdf Accessed 2nd February 200717 Erooga M. Children and Young People Who Sexually Abuse Others challenges and responses. Routledge 1999.18 bbc.co.uk. 1993 Two boys charged with toddlers murder.http//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552185.stm. Accessed 1st February 2007.19, 23Hagell A Jeyarajah-Dent R Children Who Commit Acts of Serious Interpersonal Violence Messages for Practice. Jessica Kinglsey publishers. 2006. p. 75.20 Elliot J and Place M. Children in Difficulty A Guide to Understanding and Helping. Routledge 2004. pp. 110-11121 Itzin C. Home truths about child sexual abuse a reader. Routledge 2000. p.222.22 Bagley C. Child Abusers Research and Treatment. Universal Publishers. 2003. p.22324 McAuley C, Pecora P and Rose W. Enhancing the Well Being of Children And Families Through Effective Interventions. Jessica Kingsley Publishers 2006. p. 144.25,26 Boyles S. Do Sexually Abused Kids Become Abusers? WebMD. http//www.webmd.com/content/article/60/67158.htm 2003. Accessed 31 January 2007.2627 Skuse D and Bouvier P. Risk of sexually abused children becoming adult abusers lower than once thought. The Lancet February 2003.28 Sigelman C and Rider E. Life- span Human Development. Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. p. 44929 Duncan K. Healing From The Trauma Of Childhood Sexual Abuse the journey for women. Praeger/Green wood 2004. p. 205.30 Knauer S. Recovering from Sexual Abuse, Addictions, and Compulsive Behaviours Numb Survivors. Haworth Press. 2002. pp. 146-731 Marshall W, OReilly G, Carr A and Beckett R. Handbook of Clinical Intervention with Young People Who Sexually Abuse. Psychology Press. 2004. pp. 47-5032 Stosny S. Treating Attachment Abuse A Compassionate Approach. Springer Publishing 1995. pp. 42-44.33 Brown S. Treating Sex Offenders an introduction to sex offender treatment programmes. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 93.34 Cannon M. Invited commentaries on Cycle of child sexual abuse links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator. The British Journal of Psychiatry 179 2001 pp. 495-49635 Plat- Jones J. Domestic violence the role of health professionals. Nursing Standard. 21(14-15-16) 2006pp. 44-4836 Kandel Englander, E. Understanding violence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2002. p.1137 Cardwell M and Flanagan C Psychology A2. Nelson Thornes. 2003. p. 53.38 Reference.com. James Bulge r. http//www.reference.com/browse/wiki/James_Bulger. Accessed 1st February 2007.39 Hill M and Lockyer A. Youth Justice and Child Protection. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2006. p.124.40 Greer S. Territorial Politics and Health Policy UK Health Policy in Comparative Perspective. Manchester University Press. 2005. p.59.