International Nurse Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

foreign Nurse Migration - Essay mannikinAccording to the research findings migration of nurses has been based on either individual contacts and motivation or opportunity. Planned recruitment of nurses internationally has been taking place, in the past decade period, developed nations recruiting nurses from evolution nations and other developed nations. Additionally, developing nations are recruiting nurses from each other, especially within similar regions geographically. As a result of this statistics recruited health professionals from countries salute everywhere a quarter of the nursing workforces of The U.S, Canada, Australia and the U.K. The reasons for migration of nurses is as a result of pull or press factors. Pull factors are factors that attract the nurse in the direction of another country. This includes quality of life perceive to be better, career development, personal security, learning opportunities and better pay. Push factors are circumstances that drive a n urse to leave their country to search for greener pastures elsewhere. They include inadequate remunerations, lack of standard work equipment or facilities, career development options lacking and political instability in their country. The consequences of the pull or push factors leading to migration of nurses to other countries has dealt a huge blow in their countries of origin. More common is the brain drain which is experience by donor countries that is the loss of personnel that is skilled and also loss of development in rearing delinquent to human resources that are limited migrating elsewhere. (Awases, 2003). Also, migration of nurses threatens health globally since recruitment and hiring of nurses in developing countries leads to a vacuum in developing nations thus health services in such countries are via mediad. Moreover, International migration by nurses undermines the capacity of countries to deal with regional, national and global commitments and also their individua l development. The Commonwealth Code of institutionalise for the Recruitment of Health Workers Internationally has discouraged greatly health workers recruitment from nations that experience shortages, and also referable to the above negative consequences of health workers recruitment. Aiken, et. al (2004) agree, basing their argument on the fact that developing nations require to contract up with their own workforce of nurses that are able to cater for their countries needs and ensure that those nurses are soundly compensated, and that they experience good working environment. Despite all the above negative consequences, there is a despotic impact on the recruitment of nurses internationally. This includes economic benefits in relation to income remittance generation. These remittances are estimated to contribute over $70 billion globally to world economies. According to Buchan (2001), the negative consequences of international migration of nurses on donor countries are starti ng to get acknowledged, but they have not yet been fully dealt with. A balance should be maintained between the push factors driving nurses to migrate, and the utilitarian concern on health of donor countries due to loss of scarce nurses. The Commonwealth Code of Practice for the Recruitment of Health Workers Internationally (2003) believes that for such a balance to be possible there must be a mutual benefit. That is minimization of compromise of the donor country by the importer country making an effort to provide help in the pretend of technology, training

English literature Paper. Regarding Childrens Picture books Essay

English literature Paper. Regarding Childrens Picture books - Essay ExampleThe text says and another(prenominal) (pp 9) which convey he is up to some mischief all the time. It also conveys maybe one defect is pardon adapted but another becomes a serious mistake. The face of the puppy, very frightened also serves to shine up the devilish act. By contrasting the devilish joy on Maxs face with the naturalness of the puppy the author is successful in attesting how wild can Max be. He is speed vigorously, suspended in midair, his tail is very fluffy and up in the air, all contribute to aim he is totally engaged and excited.The next picture shows him angry and his eyes are on the brink which shows that he is locked in his bedroom. The text tells us with disclose eating anything (pp 11) . The words wild thing (pp 11) are capitalized which fire he is labeled as a very naughty boy. He answers back which is again capitalized which show his disobedience. The picture shows that he does n ot feel any remorse. At the same time it conveys to the children that he is punished for not obeying his mother and being mischievous.Thus while the text or the words carry the narration forward, the illustrations serve to enhance the situation and make an impact on the reader. Without the illustrations the children will not be able to grasp the importance of how wild can Max be or what he feels when he is punished. textual matter and images work together, a relationship many critics call a marriage or union, to bring a story to new levels. Leonard S. Marcus refers to the relationship as a dialogue between two worlds the world of images and the world of words. Illustrations can extend the meaning of a story or alter a book altogether. (What is a picture book)Further a forest grows in Maxs room and he sails out in his private boat (pp 19). The transition from locking max to his journey to where the wild things are is cover up by the narrative. At the same time the illustrations d epict a wild forest

Corporate social responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

integrated mixer responsibility - Essay ExampleThese acts are not requirements either by law or by any other stipulated framework but are still carried out by avocation corporations below their CSR platforms (McWilliams, Siegel, & Wright, 2006). The railway line need for much(prenominal) activities may not be clear at number one but considering that CSR activities are used as PR stunts by various line of products corporations, some business value can be derived from CSR. The contention behind CSR is for large corporations to project a soft impression of a corporation that cares for the environment and the society. This allows corporations to achieve better sales and integrate better with the consumers. The inclusion of business interests in CSR activities sop up the direct consequence of inflated CSR initiatives being used for marketing consorts. Research demonstrates that corporations have an overwhelming tendency to report the positive aspects of their CSR activities alon e (Bebbington, Brown, Frame, & Thomson, 2007) (Dey, 2003) (Dey, 2007) (Ruffing, 2007). This tends to bias the reporting situation since corporations are prone to report the better parts of their corporate behaviour alone. The need was felt to bring to light teaching covered up by organisations at various levels (Dey, 2007). Silent and nates musical scoreing was evolved to deal with such a situation where the corporate behaviour of corporations was double checked through independent research. The silent account lists out the corporations projections on its CSR while the shadow account lists out an independent purpose on the CSR of the concerned business corporation. The current paper leave alone list out findings of the silent and shadow accounts for Procter and Gamble, which represents a top Fortune 500 business corporation. The silent and shadow account for Procter and Gamble will be used to determine the dynamic validity of the state of CSR in practice by Procter and Gamble. integrated Social Responsibility Silent Account Shadow Account Sustainability Reporting Style P&G lists that it reports CSR initiatives and their results based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) directives. More specifically, P&G utilises the G3Guidelines for reporting under GRI (P&G, 2012). A number of different CSR initiatives and their results broadly categorised under Products, Operations and Social Responsibility, are accessible in the CSR report on the P&G website. The availability of quantitative information such as emissions reductions levels, packaging reusability amounts etc. tend to add more credibility to P&Gs portfolio for CSR. The enhancer of P&Gs claims for social responsibility requires that the data compiled by P&G be verified independently. The CSR report uploaded at the P&G website contains a number of different claims with regards to environmental and social impacts of CSR activities but fails to report data for verification. Essentially, P&Gs CSR repo rt is referenced under the GRI and is indexed therefore but does not declare the level of reporting (Cohen, 2011). In addition, the CSR report provides a cue to the website to pronounce how GRI is implemented (P&G, 2013, p. 2) but the website provides no insight into how data is compiled and evaluated by P&G. No third company audit of the data is available to verify or substantiate the claims accordingly. Product Safety and Innovation superstar of the three key pillars for P&Gs sustainability framework is its products (P&G, 2012). The contention at P&G

Integration of Veteran Centric Content into Nursing Curricula Article

Integration of Veteran Centric subject field into Nursing Curricula - Article ExampleHence, by integrating the Veteran central content in treat pedagogicsal programs it enhances the veteran-centric care which results to improved health care opportunities for the Veteran population. Therefore, nursing curricula should contain the Veteran centric content that trains nurses on how to become responsible and accountable for veterans. The content should also train nurses on how to heighten on the desires and treatment options for Veterans. The coordination and communication among healthcare providers promotes this content more effectively. The nursing curriculum is likely to withdraw it easier for student nurse practitioners to get educated on how to understand the stressors faced by Veterans. It allows the students to address and turn around how to plow with emerging symptoms that Veterans present such as substance abuse, the physical and emotional issues or trouble oneself they undergo and mental problems (Miller, 2012). Integrating Veteran centric content in the nursing curricula transforms nursing education into advanced practice nursing. Such changes results in the increase of educated and advanced practice nurses who know how to deal with the changing health needs of Veterans, understand the military culture.

Company Law - corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Company Law - corporate face - Essay ExampleThe consequences when the policy of the keep company makes a director a victim or a loop hole in a law makes the company pay compensation for the victim on behalf of the employee can be examined. The points and the necessities found in the above study can form a sand ground for the future changes in the law if any. 1The duties and responsibilities which directors assume ar important as they need powers to take majority business decisions. The duties (fiduciary) will be in such a manner that the interests of the company and the stake holders atomic number 18 protected. . This is enshrined in the common law rules and equitable principles. Hence, directors need to take great financial aid to avoid the breaching of any responsibleness under case law.From the case of Foss v Harbottle, it is derived that directors owe a duty to the company due to the fact that the proper claimant to the breach is the company itself. In the case of Savoy H otel Ltd, companys interests are expressed as interests identified with current and future shareholders. Hence, the inclusion of future shareholders into corporate interests allows management to justify decisions which are do outside the interests of the current shareholders. ... Hence, the inclusion of future shareholders into corporate interests allows management to justify decisions which are made outside the interests of the current shareholders. However in special circumstances, especially during takeover situations, directors are found to filter with them a duty of disclosure towards current shareholders which encompasses the duty to be honest and not to mislead. Similar obligations arise when directors are in control of small private domestic companies (when shares in particular are owned by workforce of few family members) as they would be indirectly be in place of a direct fiduciary capacity. Thus, directors in these situations would be treated as agents of the sharehol ders and not the company. 2Under Section 309(1) directors owes a duty (in regards to their performance) to the interests of the companys employees as easy although it is lined with problems of enforceability. It is difficult to determine whether the director has discharged their duty in regards to their performance as they are not bound to prioritise interests of the employees over those of the shareholders. CLRSG even concluded that this provision should be repealed, unless employees interests would serve as an incident if promotion shareholders interests.In regards to insolvent companies, directors are found to owe a duty to creditors (a general tree trunk of creditors and not to individual creditor) as their interests are indirectly represented by liquidator. This can be seen in the case of Kinsella v Russell Kinsela Pty and approved in the case of West Mercia Safetywear Ltd Dodd, in which shareholders do not flummox the power to absolve the breach made by directors to prevent the

Geology of Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geology of Qatar - Essay ExampleThese natural resources contribute actively towards the realization of the skyrocketing economies experienced in the nation. For instance, there are several places in the country of Qatar supplied with natural gas and oil deposits2. These are just about of the powerful natural resources that make the country gain international recognition, respect as well as realize robust economies.In addition to natural gas, Qatar also has several deposits of oil fields. This makes the nation on e of the largest oil producers in the world. This works well with boosting as well as expanding the economies of the state of Qatar. new(prenominal) than the natural reserves, it is of crucial significance to note that the country of Qatar also boasts of a collection of beautiful sceneries, geologic features as well as landscapes. Some of these geological features as well as scenic beauties train contributed massively towards strengthening the economy of Qatar in several d iverse ways. For instance, the myriad of features have ensured heavy melt down of tourists into the nation of Qatar to have an experience as well as identify with some(prenominal) of the natural features. This has ensured propagation as well as creation of foreign exchange, improved employment conditions as well as upholding nations pride. The foreign exchange as well as income earned from such tourism activities has led to massive economic growth in the region. This paper is going to explore some of the geologic features found in the sovereign state of Qatar. In addition, the paper is going to focus on some of the surface features, the terrain as well as landscape of the nation of Qatar.It is of critical significance to note that Qatar is unmatched of the states with sabkhas forming some of the geologic landform features. The sabkhas are always characterized with prohibitionist burrows. This presents greater risks to geologists due to the fact that such dry burrows may always host deadly animals like snakes that can bite geologists. This presents one

Question response Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Question response - Coursework ExampleInterference of the church leader will complicate the decisiveness fashioning process. The opinions of the church service leadership are non public opinion, as they are non de jure elected representatives of the people. It is another issue if some political leaders solicit the opinion of the Church leaders on some important social issues like divorce, abortion, single mother parenting etc. to enable the authorities to address these issues from the moral angle. Moral approach to political matters appears fine in principle. But often Church leaders have conflicting views amongst themselves on moral issues. As such the government leaders would not like to take risk by patronizing any one faction of the Church.The Family is secretive company which articulates Christian fundamentalism. Any sect/group that relies on fundamentalism for spreading the message and for the alleged growth of the holiness will end up in doom. Christian fundamentalist s have cross on their necks but not Christ in their hearts. The other name for fundamentalism is envy and hatred for other religions. How that could be the trait that contributes to the social welfare of humankind? As such the legislators need to be free from religious bias before making policy decisions. Legislators do not represent a particular religion. A legislator is the elected representative of a multi-cultural society as such religion is his private matter. He needs to work for the welfare of

Explore the ways in which late antique or medieval Christian thought Essay

look the ways in which late antique or medieval Christian thought (i.e. St. Thomas Aquinas) compares and contrasts with Greek philosophy (i.e. Plato and Aris - Essay ExampleLet us try to see what these similarities and contrasts were between them on simulation of the role that was played by the dichotomy that separated the globe into opposing realms, such as ideas and number in the Greek philosophy, and spirit and flesh or faith and reason in the Christian thought.In general, for the formation of the Christian thought probably the most important was its early period when this presently superior religion was searching to define itself. The Romans widely propagated Greek culture and in this way Christianity found itself in the Greco-Roman society amidst pronounced philosophical and religious confrontation. It was integration of competing philosophies and of the rich Hellenistic philosophical hereditary pattern into the Christian world view that served as a winning strategy for t he Christian religion. Before the prototypical statements regarding the general doctrine of the church were made in the 4th century, philosophical theology was becoming to a greater extent important than direct revelation in determining the essential Christian doctrines. At the same time, non all of the early church scholars had the same view on the available heritage of secular knowledge, which was generally Greek. For instance, Tertullian in 2nd century treated the secular knowledge as unnecessary in equality to scriptures, but his coeval Clement of Alexandria defended the usefulness of the Greek secular heritage, and of philosophy in general, as a proper addition to the gospel. In the 3rd century Origen of Alexandria went even that and claimed that there actually was a philosophical school that through reason confirmed the gospel. For Origen this school was represented by the philosophy of Neoplatonists - the further development of Platonic philosophy initiated by Plotinus - with its views on the essence of God and divine relation to the world and man. In the end, this position of Origen prevailed and thus Neoplatonism assumed the role of the basic philosophical theory that to

Human Development Index - Ethiopia, Russia, and Switzerland Assignment

Human Development Index - Ethiopia, Russia, and Switzerland - grant ExampleThis forefinger was introduced to account for the effects of disadvantages facing females in labour markets, education and health, increasing variation on the gender basis and reducing the actual IHDI and HDI. Finally, the kind-hearted development report also includes the multi-poverty index since 2010, which complements the HDI and IHDI measures by considering how multiple deprivations overlap in income, education, and life expectancy (Vander 64). This paper will discuss human development trends in Ethiopia, Russia, and Switzerland using these indices, as well as examine how international capital and interchange flows affect development in the three countries.Ethiopia, Russia, and Switzerland have stark differences with regards to the life expectancy index, despite the circumstance that they have all been rising consistently. Ethiopias life expectancy has risen from 43.9 in 1980 to 59.7 in 2013 with the near significant increasing happening between 2000 and 2013 (Ethiopia HDR 2013 2). Russias life expectancy fluctuated during the 90s, unlike Ethiopias, although this improved from 2000 to the present. However, the evaluate of development have been minimal with only a rise of 1.6 in the choke two decades, compared to Ethiopias that has increased by 15.8 years in the same period. Switzerlands life expectancy has increased clean compared to the other two countries by 6.8 years (Switzerland HDR 2013 2). With regards to education, which is calculated by the expected years of schooling, Ethiopia again has the highest increase in trend since 1980 with the expected years of schooling increasing by 6.3 years (Ethiopia HDR 2013 2). This is in equivalence to Russia that has seen an increase of 2.1 years and Switzerland with a rise of 3.3 years. However, Russia has the highest mean years of schooling rate at 4.6 years, compared to Ethiopia at 0.7 years and Switzerland at 1 year. With rega rds to the income index, calculated as GNI per capita, Ethiopias trend shows the highest increase of 102% in the last 18 years (Ethiopia HDR 2013 2), followed by Switzerland at 36% and Russia at 15%.

The Architecture of the Lincoln Memorial Research Paper - 1

The Architecture of the capital of Nebraska annals - Research Paper ExampleIn the joined States, the Lincoln Memorial stands as unspoiled such a monument, speaking eloquently not only about the man to whom it is consecrate unless also to the ideas he espoused during his years as President of a war-torn and very briefly as a reunited country.The architecture of the structure itself is sufficient to convey the sense of strength and stability that Lincoln be a country attempting to fly apart at the seams. Designed by architect Henry Bacon, the edifice is constructed chiefly of marble blocks with limestone columns in the style of an ancient Greek temple. The Doric columns, 44 feet tall and some 7.5 feet in diameter at their base, convey supreme strength of purpose and steadying support do you give birth a source for this opinion/statement?. The building commemorates Lincolns efforts to maintain the Union primarily through these columns. There are 36 columns supporting the ceili ng of the memorial, each one of which stands for one of the 36 states that comprised the re-united nation at the time of Lincolns death, complete with the name of the state to which the column is dedicated engraved into it (Lincoln Memorial, 2007). However, the monument wasnt completed until 1922, by which time the union was comprised of 48 states. Rather than excluding these, the names of the states that joined the union after Lincolns death, but before the monuments completion, are carved into the walls on the outside of the memorial. Finally, the last two states to have joined the United States, Alaska and Hawaii, are commemorated in a plaque located within the approach plaza (Lincoln Memorial, 2007).

Russia and China Foreign Policies on Central Asia Research Paper

Russia and china Foreign Policies on interchange Asia - Research Paper ExampleThe interest that mainland China has in primordial Asia is not new. The course of the interest in Central Asia entails their concern to extent control over the soil as well as control the territorial security. The sign of interest in this complex advance is evident from the sustained rhythm of successive visits, since the first tour of Prime Minister Li Peng in 1994. Thus, the guiding thread of Chinas foreign insurance policy in relation to Central Asia is essentially to achieve stability.The country of China exists in a political territory that continues to experience fidget from je frontier zones to the periphery, despite the ending of the Cold War, a course that raises new series of risks. The collapse of the Soviet system and eventual independence of the Central Asian republics marked a remarkable fragmentation of the component part in additional to continued autonomisation of the entire neighb orhood. The effect is that a multitude of opportunities that existed and the stakes entailed for the Peoples Republic of China received a remarkable blow, becoming rather complicated (Lanteigne, 2009). The course is that the movement towards achieving the foreign policy compromises is yet far from conclusions.Another concept entailed in the foreign policy regarding Central Asia is the end of the socialism practice in 1989 I the USSR, which in effect granted the republics in the Central Asia region greater liberty (Lanteigne, 2009). Moreover, this development unfortunately coincided with the resurgence of the democratic calls entailed in Beijing, which marked a beginning of a period of agitation in China and the larger region. Notably, the disappearance of the Soviet threat in the region from the end of the Cold War marked the beginning of bilateral relations of the dimensions between China and Central Asia. The course in the 1990s, seemed to take a positive direction as China sought to wreathe

Oil prices and its effect on the global market Term Paper

crude hurts and its effect on the global market - Term Paper ExampleThe developing countries are intemperately dependent on crude oil exporting countries for their import of petroleum convergences. So if there is a fount in oil prices only the oil exporting countries benefit while bringing a devastating effect on the developing nations. What really affects the oil prices is the quest and supply of oil which we are expiration to look into detail later. The global market saw a recent surge in oil prices since the last two social classs with the virtually recent rate of today being $124 per barrel (forex.com). It was predicted that the take of crude oil must be increased by the oil producing countries to bring the prices down. The Arab oil exporters held a meeting in early 2011 in Cairo to discuss this issue but refused to increase oil production as they believe that the supply is sufficient in the market. The oil prices rose to $ 94.74 per barrel this year since October 200 8 when oil prices were record breaking high. The forecasted trend is an increase in oil prices in the coming weeks abject up to $ 100 a barrel. After the financial crisis of 2008, OPEC or Oil Producing and Exporting Countries decreased their direct of output in order to deliberately create a shortage so that prices go up. In 2010, the take in for oil increased and is expected to increase more than in 2011. OPEC must release many of their stock and raise the supply of oil or else the prices can rise to unprecedented level of $ cl per barrel. These unfavorable conditions can lead the world into another crisis. Body The trading of oil is one of the most significant trading done in the world. Crude oil is a primary ingredient in many energy manufacturing and services industries. I certainly believe that oil should not be do by on the commodity exchange because it can have significant impact on the world economy. So if there is a fluctuation in oil prices it affects oil producers a nd exporters both. The market price for any product is determined by the demand and supply of it in the market. The desire to want something is defined as demand or when you realize that you want a product, can afford it, and have made a decisive plan to buy it. The law of demand means that other things be the same, the higher the price of the good, the smaller is the quantity demanded The higher price of any product will reduce the quantity demanded for two reasons. A notable economist, Kotler has found that one of the reason is the substitution effect, that is, when the price of a product rises, other things remaining the same, its prospect cost rises. Although each good is unique but has its substitutes, for example the substitute of oil in an energy producing plant could be water or solar energy to produce electricity. As the opportunity cost of a product rises, people have a tendency to buy less of that and more of its substitute. Another reason for change in quantity deman ded is the income effect. When a price changes and all other influences on buying plans remaining the same, the price rises relative to peoples incomes. So faces with a higher price and an unchanged income, people cannot afford all the things they previously bought. Subsequently, the demanded quantity reduces. Price has an inverse relationship with demand (Kotler, 2006). A supply is more than just having the resources and the technology to produce something but the

Proposal to apply in Phd program in applied linguistics Thesis

Proposal to apply in Phd program in applied linguistics - Thesis ExampleMonolithic Arabization of language policy and intend in an equally autochthonous environment of transformation would more likely produce some hetero-linguistic phenomena much(prenominal) as surrealist literature on the subject of linguistic dynamism and context-centric adaptation (Coulmas, 1994).The institutional parameters that have been identify in place in countries like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have basically helped in this subprogram of Arabization of policy and planning environments (Sharkey, 2008). This study would be focused on the institutional, governmental and academic influences on linguistic transformation of the Arab society.This proposal attempts to identify the underlying causes of Arabization with a view to understanding a very epoch-making body of knowledge that has been either ignored or less emphasized due to convenience and as an effort to avoid embarrassment. Arab ization is not a simple process of language and culture enrichment. In particular it is a rigorous effort at acculturating an otherwise independent linguistic process of enrichment. This process requires to be explained in greater detail with particular emphasis on the merits and demerits of linguistic acculturation of a social paradigm. Literature ReviewThe literature review of this research effort would focus attention on the can-do relations between Arabization of language policy and planning environments within the Arab world as already brisk literature

Rebuttal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rebuttal course - Essay ExampleHis work demands attention because the U.S. grade system receives criticism on a unending basis due to problems of high school graduates who lack the competencies required to be successful in college and occupations. nicknames claims are flawed because of the following reasons he has a biased example, from which he bases hasty elicitations he commits the ad hominem fallacy, when he judges students as generally self-entitled and he uses the scoring system as a red herring to the fundamental issue of the education system, which is raising student motivation and learning. Knight argues that the grading system is flawed because, based on his experience, since self-entitled students manage to get high grades with minimal effort, grades are no longer objective and accurate measures of competence. He exemplifies students, who choose easy teachers, or those who give high grades, though he focuses on students and their parents, who harass teachers to give these students higher grades because of self-entitlement. Self-entitlement means that because they passed exams and completed requirements, they feel that they deserve at least a B grade. Finally, Knight proposes comprehensive exams that have depth and breadth as a better measure of subject competencies. He states that the results of these exams should replace high school grades in college assessment processes and outcomes. though Knight touches on some of the limitations of the grading system in his school, he has a biased sample, from which he bases hasty generalizations. His experiences with self-entitled students come from his own limited class interactions. Yet, he states categorically that this problem affects the entire expanse While I can only speak to grading practices at my school, I suspect that these concerns are endemic throughout high schools nationwide (Knight). Though his experience somehow proves that grades are false indicators of ability for his class, he cannot say that his students represent the majority of American students. Because his sampling is biased, he cannot make the hasty generalization that grades are no longer objective and accurate measures of competence. whatever students, who work hard for their grades and have acquire competencies, are exceptions to his hasty generalizations. Aside from biased sampling and hasty generalization, Knight commits the ad hominem fallacy when he judges students as generally self-entitled, so their grades do not measure their competencies. He approaches the problem with the grading system from the assumption that self-entitled students have made it an unreliable performance measurement. He suggests that these students are cheaters and lazy in learning class materials thus, their grades do not reflect their mastery of their subjects. He does not consider that several(prenominal) self-entitled students may actually have mastered their courses, but their levels do not fit the grades that they are demanding for. Some self-entitled students may have motivation problems only, not learning deficits. Finally, Knight uses the grading system as a red herring to the fundamental issue of the education system, which is raising student motivation toward learning. He blames self-entitled students, including the nous of self-entitled American culture, for poor learning among high school students. He does not co

Pros And Cons Of Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pros And Cons Of miscarriage - Research Paper ExampleIn most cases, stillbirth has been blamed for the change magnitude chances of miscarriages as head as increasing the individuals risk to pelvic inflammatory diseases (Boyer, 2013). Furthermore, citizens who are the taxpayers are against exploitation their taxes to fund abortion thus abortion is mor entirelyy unacceptable and unethical. For women who indulge in abortion, they are increasing their exposure to stress and psychological pain thus abortion impacts their view of life and also how the hunting lodge view them (Pourreza & Batebi, 2011). In fact, societal rejection has been directed to women who have been identified to have aborted or terminated their motherhood. Finally, abortion reduces the chance of giving birth in future as rough of the methods may affect the sinless reproductive system of the woman.Though abortion has always received negative perception from the public, there are some instances where it is necess ary to terminate the pregnancy. For instance, cases where the mothers life is at risk require the termination of the pregnancy so as to save the mother in case she cannot survive to deliver a kempt baby (Boyer, 2013). Conversely, there exist some cases when the mothers life become paramount to that of the unborn, and this is morally acceptable from all the perspectives. Nonetheless, abortion carried out through safe medical procedures is more acceptable since the life of the mother is protected. The meaning is that the medical procedures have least risks and does not affect the mothers health.

Ancient Theatres in Jerash Essay Example for Free

Ancient sector of studys in Jerash proveModern technology has changed matters in documentation signifi ignoretly and promises to continue to bring change. This paper attempts to present1-How should we agnize documentation of archeologic Sites, historic buildings and monuments according to their particularities, categories, types, components of documentation, taking into account the internation totallyy agreed streamers for the documentation of the heathenish heritage. 2- The potential of the application of 3D optical maser image scanner and Photo modelinger in documentation of the immovable cultural heritage. As a case study the ancient field of operationss of Jerash (the southern and the matingerly) will be presented. part the purpose of apply antithetical methods of documentation is to make comparison comparison of the advantages ,disadvantages ,the accuracy of the traditional method total array off , 3D image scanner method, and Photomodeler method.1. INT RODUCTION As cultural heritage is a unique expression of homo achievement, and since this cultural heritage is continuously at risk, documentation is one of the principal ways available to return meaning, understanding, definition and recognition of the observes of the cultural heritage. As much(prenominal) it constitutes an in-chief(postnominal) basis of orientation for accompanying restoration and importanttenance mea for sures. Further much all interventions acquire the character of evidence themselves and therefore, discombobulate to be documented. term 16 of the Ve straitlaced Charter empha size of its that in all works of preservation or excavation, there should always be exact documentation in the form of analytical and critical reports, illustrated with drawings and photographs. Every stage of the work, including technical and noble features identified during the course of the work, should be included. This record should be placed in the archives of a humankind i nstitution and made available to research workers.It is recommended that the report should be published. Thus documenting the Cultural Heritage not only describes the context in which the materials were found, and their relationship in space and time to geological deposits and blown-up architectural features, but in like manner as monitoring of the remains of past human activities. The documentation process, which may be underinterpreted as an aid to versatile CRM activities, much(prenominal) as protection, identification, monitoring, interpretation, registration of stolen cultural objects, can benefit tremendously from various modern techniques that be available to us nowadays. (graphic documentation) Techniques establish on conventional surveying to call d admit plans, elevations, and architectural details. Photographic e.g. photography, rectified photography,computer-rectified photography, photogrammetry, and 3D optical maser scanner.The photographical documentation shoul d provide information on the important condition of a monument, i.e. before, during, and by and by restoration. 3. INTERNATIONAL CORE DATA INDEX There are trinity internationally agreed standards for the documentation of the cultural heritage a) The Core Data Index to Historic Buildings and Monuments of the architectural Heritage (1992), b) The Core Data Standard for Archaeological Sites and Monuments (1995), and c) The aim ID (1997) which was developed to provide an international standard for the information essential to identify cultural objects, in response to the threat posed by the adulterous trade in the movable heritage. The evaluation of the documentation process can be carried out by comparison with such standards. Other considerations could be related to the particularity of the monument, the cost, the ability to benefit from modern digital techniques and the success in acting as a historic record of human activities.4. ANCIENT THEATRES OF JERASH a few(prenominal) an cient towns are as well preserved and as complete as Jerash, a urban center complex that once was a thriving commercial zone and part of the Decapolis. Built in the secondment degree Celsius BC the city was conquered in 63 BC by the roman print General Pompey. The special K theatres and spacious public squares, plazas and baths, the Roman Cardo running 700 meters north from the Oval Plaza and pass sky-piercing columns flanking from both sides in Jerash make this site truly an archaeological park. 4.1 The southerly domain in Jerash The southern theater (Exterior diam 70.5m) today is one of the some impressive of Jerashs public building. Begun at the end of the 1st century AD (during the reign of Domitian) and completed in the early 2nd century. On its completion, it became one of the most beautiful civic monuments in the2. CATEGORIES AND COMPONENTS OF DOCUMENTATION Regardless of the location of the activity, it type or philosophy of art and historical conservation, the docu mentation should address tercet questions what it is, where it is, and when There are three Categories and Components of Documentation Written should comprise an architectural description, the state of preservation , an interpretation of the results of all tests and analyses, a summary of the results of all investigations, and a report on the interventions executed.Non-photographic________CIPA 2005 XX outside(a) Symposium, 26 September 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ developing city and certainly the finest of its type in the consentient province. The cavea of the auditorium was divided into two subsections, with a wide terrace (diazoma) describing the full half circle between them. The glare half was built into the side of the hill. While the outperform half was built above it. Although the auditorium has survived remarkably well, the top rows of seats are missing, and one cannot be sure of the exact genuine itemize.( approximate. 1)Figure. 2 Plan of the marriagee rn subject area The theatre itself probably had two main phases during its lifetime. It was dedicated, and probably completed, in AD 64/65. It was a small, probably, theatre practised for poetry readings, face-offs or more modest performances than the expectant dramatic events that would have taken place in the citys larger Southern Theatre. The theatre may also have been the city councils meeting hall. It was- modified some(prenominal) times and probably enlarged in the first quarter of the 3rd century. It in the long run went out of use as a theatre by the 5th to 6th centuries. On most of the seats of the lower cevea are inscribed in Greek the names of the voting tribes (phylai) that were represented in the bouleutirium, or city council except one tribe named after the Roman Emperor Hadrian, the others are named after Olympian gods. the theatre was also used as a bouleuterion, or city council meeting-hall.The theatres expansion in the first quarter of the3rd century AD incl uded the amplification of eight rows of seats, doubling the theatres capacity to about 1600 people. The three best preserved external vomitoria, at the western end of the swiftness auditorium, show their original construction of three independent, semicircular arches rising towards the exterior with evidence of large wooden doors that could have been subject or closed to control access to the theatre. The original scaena wall, facing the audience from behind the stage, was dismantled and replaced by a more complex scaena composed of two parallel wal1s. The elaborate scaenae frons was probably two storeys high, and was ornament with colored marble, free-standing Corinthian columns and broken entablatures, behind which were semicircular niches decorated with mosaics.Figure. 1 Plan of the Southern Theatre The face of the stage was divided into four sections with pedestals between them. Each section was decorated with a primordial pedimental niche flanked by arched niches .These elaborate architectural compositions are a common feature of Roman theatres. The front of the stage is decorated with pediment and arched niches. The wall rising behind the stage, the Scaenae Frons is pierced by three doors used by the performers to enter and exit the stage from the sides. The Scaenae Frons would have had second storey repeating most of the decorative and architectural elements of the lower level. Much of the outer (north) wall of the theater is a modern reconstruction.The rebuilding, however, of the effect wall behind the scaenae frons must be regretted, for we do not know what this wall was like and such suspect restorations run the risk of endangering the validity of the whole grammatical construction for how can one be sure what is genuine and what is not? Happily, the corkinger part of the theatre is completely genuine. (Browning. Iain/ Jerash and the Decapolis) 4.2 The Northern Theatre The North Theatre complex is composed of the North Theatre (Exterior Di ameter 43, 47m, orchestra Diameter 14,33m) itself and a plaza in front of it . A great deal smaller than the South Theatre, its orientation is determined by the northern decumanus upon which it opens and from which it is approached. The cavea shows the rough-cut arrangement of four cunei in the lower half, and eight in the upper half .At the top of the upper section of the cavea there was scarcely room for passageway and colonnade.( Figure. 2 )5. METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION IN JERASH THEATRES The purpose of utilise unlike Methods of documentation of the Southern and Northern Jerash theatres is to make comparison of the advantages ,disadvantages ,the accuracy of the traditional recording method, 3D scanner, and PhotoModeler. true statement is the correctness of the standard, regardless of its precision. Precision refers to the fineness of heedful distinctions. Results of the case studies are presented and compared. The aim is to deed over (mostly nongeodetic) users recommendations , which method is suited best for what kind of application, or even if a combination of 3D scan and PhotoModeler is advisable. Criteria like quality of the results, amount of cost and time, required equipment and occurring problems are to be considered. To investi access the advantages, disadvantages and ________CIPA 2005 XX international Symposium, 26 September 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ the accuracy of these methods, we carried out some case studies for the two theatres.Different typical objects were chosen and characteristically parts of them were recorded by tape, total station, PhotoModeler and 3D examine. In this research undertaking, we have installed a number of incompatible test targets that allow an investigation in the quality of points recorded by laser scanners and the geometric models derived from the point asperses. 5.1 By using Total Station and autoCAD Software Conceptually, total send are different from most touchstone outlines used by archa eologists because they are effective over a great range of scales and have an accuracy that is unusual in our experience. Limits on drawing precision that were once implicit in(p) in the use of scaled drawings have been removed by CAD systems. For example, it might be amount the position of a point 1 km away from the total station and be dead-on(prenominal) at least to the centimeter. This is equivalent to the use a tape to measure the distance to an object a meter away with .01 mm accuracy.The total station can be used to measure archaeological structures during an excavation. The precision with which a CAD system can maintain coordinates depends on the internal info structure chosen, but all standard CAD systems maintain coordinates at levels of precision beyond the scholars capacity to measure. A surveyor cacheing data using preelectronic techniques could have used the tape to take the steps, together with cross section for elevation information and quantity estimates. Or, the survey could have been completed using such polar techniques as transit or theodolite/EDM surveys. Electronic data collection with total station instruments permits the quick science of a large amount of field data, together with the efficient and error-free transfer of the data to a computer. at a time in the computer, the field data can be edited and analyzed for completeness of coverage and accuracy. For the documentation of the Southern theatre and the Northern theatre of Jerash more than 900 points were taken using the total station (Skoia). Tape measurement was conducted to record some of the dimensions of the theatre (the outlook and some architectural details). The goal of these measurements was to collect more field dimensional measurement and other detail measurement for the documentation of the theatres. Full documentation for the Southern theatre of Jerash 2D and 3D was finalized with 2D documentation and reconstruction for the Northern theatre of Jerash. 5.2 By u sing PhotoModeler While photogrammetry and metric surveying techniques can be suitable for archaeological sites and buildings, they present certain disadvantages for smaller and more complex objects.PhotoModeler is a windows software program that helps to extract measurements and 3D models from photographs. By using cameras as an scuttlebutt device, photomodeler is capable to extract accurate measurements and details. It is based on using several photos ( Figure 4 ) from different angles with known focal length, using control points ( Figure. 5 ). PhotoModeler can create 3D models and export the measured data as a dxf file. ADVANTAGES Contains information about surface detail (e.g. weathering patterns).Photographs are easier to interpret and see than drawing. DISADVANTAGES Essential high-skilled photographers.The enlargement of images should do accurately.Photographic format (analogue).PhotoModeler is one of the methods we used in documenting, measuring, and modeling the scene o f the Southern theatre in Jerash. Several selected photos taken from slightly different positions were shot using digital camera. For calibration, some 3D points of the scene were obtained. For this purpose a modern integrated total station model Sokkia to collect more than 50 points to record the 3D points. These points were carefully chosen to be very well distributed on the scene in order to use them as GCPs (Ground Control Points). ( Figure. 5 ) With these data, we produce a 3D model, Orthorectified images (Photogrammetry) and measurements (x, y, z) or lengths for the stage of the Southern theatre of Jerash. For more accuracy we produced a detailed model for the scene features- the left Gate(Figure. 3 ) and then combined these detailed models together to produce the scene of the theatre.Figure 4. tv camera Stations to produce a 3D Model for the the left Gate of the stage of Jerash Southern Theatre Figure 3 3D Model for the left Gate of the scene of Jerash Southern Theatre.______ __CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ first implementation of the new technology seems to be very useful and promising. The main advantage of examine is the fast and direct collection of large numbers of surface object points. The measurement process needs no at ladderance except for the set-up required when establishing a new viewpoint. The extensive number of records formed a nice cloud of points, which very finespunly matches the true 3D shape of the interest object (in our case the cavea and the scene of the two theatres). In the office there are two ripe softwared, which deal with the collected cloud of points.One of the software can import the clouds and get a nice three model of the object. The other software can also get the 3D model and even up the model to get the measurements of the object. The final result can be exported to CAD software like gondola Cad or Micro Station. A couple of Million of 3D points were enthrald from different points of view. In addition to the 3D points, a set of 2D images were also been taken. In the Southern theater three station were sat up to become points of the theater from different angles of view as shown in (Figures 6, 7, 9). In the north theatre we used three stations to cover the whole theater and two stations to capture the surrounding area . All these stations and the cloud of points are shown in (Figures 8, 10).Figure 4. Several photos from different angles with known focal length, using control points for the Scine of the Southern theatre 5.3 By using 3D scanner. optical maser scanning technology with its automated data capture capabilities is bringing new perspectives and can satisfy most requirements of this type of applications. 3D laser scanning represents today the most advanced technology available for measuring and documenting objects. Our scanner can measure on average about 1000 points per second. Terrestrial laser scanning technology i s based on active range sensors measuring directly the distance between the sensor and points over the surveyed object. Objects that can be documented by 3D scanning, range from the sizes of coins or potsherds to whole cultural landscapes. Traditional heritage recording methods like close range photogrammetry are not suitable for all kinds of objects. Particularly when the objects have very irregular surfaces and not a clearly defined structure, scanning will probably yield better results than photogrammetry.In contrast to photogrammetry 3D scanners directly produce a huge number of 3D points. The resulting point cloud can be used to extract CAD elements or by using point triangulation to create a 3D surface model. Additionally, images can be mapped onto the model to get a virtual copy of the real object. While both photogrammetric and laser scanning techniques can deliver similar type of products the end users are accustomed to have, other supplementary data such as line drawings , DTM etc., A main advantage as compared to close range photogrammetry is the availability of get on real time 3D coordinates for irregular surfaces. The striking capability of collecting hundreds or even thousands of points per second is praised by producers and operators. On the other hand, questions concerning the quality and accuracy of the recorded points receive little attention. Specifications stated by the producers are not comparable.The main difference between scanning and photogrammetry is obvious While photogrammetric surveying is an validating data acquisition method (images are needed before measurements can be executed), scanning produces 3D points directly. As geodetic surveying instruments, scanners cannot be used when the object or the observation platform is moving. In these cases, photogrammetric images, which can be acquired with very short exposure times, are the only means of metric documentation.Although surveyors tend to see accuracy as a predominant consi deration when comparing measuring equipment, for the practical use there are numerous other characteristics which may be decisive under certain realise pre-conditions. Four stages for doing the work scanning in the field, registration , subdivisionation, modeling . To build up a precise 3D model of the South theatre and the North theatre we used the 3D laser scanner model GS100 MENSI. The results weve obtained were very precise and theFigure 6. Mesh part of the Scene and the cavea of the Southern TheatreFigure 7. Cloud Points of the Scene of the Southern Theater________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ ADVANTAGES Very precise measurements. A solution in situations where 3D measurement by other means may be difficult. Quick in data capture. On-sitescanning is possible. DISADVANTAGES Very expensive. Practical limits on the object size and height. May have difficulties on some material surfaces. May have difficulties on some Ma terial surfaces Editing the data to produce meaningful results may be difficult. other applications. The software has the ability to export the final models and solids to Auto Cad using the solid SAD converter.2) Real Works Survey. Provides the user a set of tools for process 3D point clouds and 2D images in order to obtain the necessary information. Generally, this processing can be divided into two modes the Registration mode and the Office Survey mode. During the registration mode we register several scans simultaneously by using data captured during target scanning. Several test fields using albumin spheres as targets have been installed to get information about the accuracy of distances in scanning direction and across. We also use the Geo Referencing tool to put the scanned data into a known coordinate system. During the office survey mode, we segment the point clouds into logical parts. We also extract measurements or different types of 2D drawings from the point clouds. The se extracted results were exported into CAD systems.6. optical maser SCANNER DATA ACQUISITION The laser scanner MENSI GS100 was used in this project and scanning was performed from various positions so that the full coverage of the surface will be achieved with sufficient overlapping (Fig. 10 ). The specific scanner has a recommended range of 2-100 , with optimal range of m.. The systems horizontal and vertical field of view is 60 degrees. Reflective targets distributed over the site allowed the easy registration of the scans during data processing. Although the laser scanning software provides direct and immediate access to the scan data by visually inspecting the point cloud in situ to identify possible problem areas in the data sets, it proved that some parts of the site were excluded and larger overlap was required for the complete merging of all scans.Figure 10. North theatre coincide areas and gaps Starting with the question of accuracy, it must be understood that total sta tions have built-in limits on precision that are often ignored and that affect ultimate accuracy. Accuracy refers to the agreement of a value with the true value. Whereas the problem was once measuring as precisely as possible or as precisely as a scaled drawing could display, the problem is now to measure and record as precisely as required for the particular project. A comparative evaluation of the techniques in the data capture and modeling of the northern gate of the Southern theatre is shown and measurement results of the Tape measurement, PhotoModeler, 3D laser Scanner GS 100 MENSI measurement are presented in table 1Figure 8. Mesh view of the North theatreFigure 11. Cloud Points of the Cevea of the southern TheatreFigure 9. Mesh part of the northern gate of the Southern Theatre The office work included the use of two software packages 1) 3Dipsos. Sophisticated software used to reconstruct 3D models from large sets of point cloud data captured by a 3D laser scanner. It is an intermediate data processing application between scanning and the use of environments reconstructed in ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ to 90 degrees as possible, 4. undertake that all points appear on three or more photographs, 5. Ensure all point and line markings on the images are precise, and do not guess at a point location if it cannot be seen, is not distinct, is fuzzy or is hidden by some other object.Nevertheless, the precision supplied by total stations or photogrammetry software and recorded in CAD models must not exceed the limits on accuracy of the total system and must be appropriate for the job at hand. As already stated, every project has its own particularity. Those needs should be carefully determined, explicitly stated, and properly met by the survey methods and procedures. Laser scanning provides mute 3D information that can be implemented for the DEM and also for the determination of the ground coordinates of presignalized control points. The large sets of data obtained are an impediment to virtual computer visualization. Often it is very difficult to deal with the data without large RAM memory of the order of two GB.7. CONCLUDING REMARKS The documentation of the Jerash theatre was implemented by a combination of photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning. Generally Hand survey is labor intensive peculiarly in the field. Computer rectified photography is the simplest method of producing drawings. Metric cameras are no longer needed and can be substituted for with simple digital cameras. The advantage of using photogrammetry is its speed and accuracy, especially over large and complex structures. Cost will inevitably be one of the deciding factors in choosing between different recording methods, but should not be used to decide the level of survey. The effort needed to get accurate and detailed DEM models by means of photogrammetric procedures only, is considerably high.Ther e are limits on precision based upon a different group of contributing factors, lens distortion, precision of lens focal length measurements, size of photos used. PhotoModeler is an elegant measurement method used in documentation of cultural heritage applications. The shortfalls of this method, mainly associated with exceptional geometry of areas in the shadow of the object, are more prominent when the object is a large complex form. heretofore its use does not involve large costs or sophisticated equipment, as only a calibrated digital camera is needed.The recent emergence of terrestrial laser scanning has shown that it has the potential to be of major value to the cultural heritage recording professionals. While data collection in this project using the PhotoModeler and Laser scanning methods indicated a small gain in time over laser scanning, the main advantage is the fully automated data capturing process using terrestrial laser scanning. Generally, laser scanning requires vi ewing the surveyed object from several viewpoints to resolve shadows and occlusions. To achieve the best accuracy in PhotoModeler 1. Ensure that a well-calibrated camera is used for the project, 2. Use photos with good resolution. 3. Ensure that the angle between the camera stations is as close can buoy Coles, The Site Record and Publication Conservation on Archaeological Excavations, Ed.N.P. Sanley Price, ICCROM, pp.59-69, Rome, 1995 Photogrammetric Measurement, Object Modeling and Documentation in Architecture and Industry, Ed. Petros Patias, ISPRS, VOol.XXXII, Thessaloniki, 1999 Documenting the Cultural Heritage Edited by Robin Thornes and John Bold ,Getty Information Institute,1998 MENSI 2001 Mensi training materials, German training course, May 2001. WWW 2001 An extensive collection of think to laser scanner producers and reports about applications in cultural heritage is maintained by the authors at http//scanning.fh-mainz.de -www.international.icomos.org/recording_fre.htm Br owning.Iain/ Jerash and the Decapolis/ Chatto Windus.London/ 1982/ (Ds154.9 G47 B76 1982). andCarl H.Kraeling/ Gerasa metropolis of the Decapolis/ Yale University/ Published by the American Schools of Oriental Research/ New Haven, Connecticut/1938. W. Boehler, M. Bordas Vicent, A. Marbs ( Investigatgn Laser Scanner Accuracy , The XIXth CIPA Symposium at Antalya, TURKEY, 2003. Harrison Eiteljorg, How Should We Measure an Ancient Structure?, Nexus Network Journal, vol. 4,no.4(Autumn2002),http//www.nexusjournal.com/Eiteljorg.ht ml) Boehler, W. , Heinz, G., Marbs, A. The Potential of NonContact Close Range Laser Scanners for Culture Heritage Recording,CIPA Working Group VI)2001.