Components of Reading Essay Example for Free

Components of Reading Essay

Performance Measurement Essay Example for Free

consummation measure EssayPerformance measuring rod digs have been used by many an(prenominal) organizations or companies these days as one of their strategies in achieving success. Specifically, this musical instrument is useful for detailed evaluation of the production process of one company, return extensive guidance for the decision qualification process, and assess the carrying into action of the company departments and individual employees. In general, measuring tools be created to give the company an easier access to a feedback system regarding its consistency in achieving their goals, and to provide them with options on how they tush improve their modern process. Basically, it gives companies a preview of how they are currently performing and where they might be heading. Another benefit of having a performance system is being able to collapse motivate the employees to do better with their jobs. However, such tool also has its consequences and the company sh ould also be ready for it.Managers tolerate easily monitor how their employees are doing by having a performance measurement tool. And one way for them to make their use performance consistent is by having a reward system. With this employees go out really work harder with the hopes of attaining the reward. There have been many records and surveys that testified to the positive impacts of performance measurement tools to the employee work performance. In the US Municipalities, 9.6% of the respondents found the tool substantial, and 33.3% find it moderate. Moreover, these military issues are supported by the same survey conducted in other US counties, which gathered 31.5% of the respondents agreed to the accurate effectiveness of the performance measurement tool. In terms of its impact on employee motivation, 32-68% of the respondents agreed to its effectiveness. All these records only suggest that there are many organizational aspects that the performance measurement tool can im prove. Below are some of the major points to consider to ensure that a company has a good performance measurement system are The results should be kept clear and brief. A company has polished both its internal and external communication Employees and other stakeholders should know about the performance measurement tool. The manager should be able to establish a proper effectuation of the performance measurement tool. Whatever results gained from performance measurement should be reflected with the employees salary, incentives, and recognition.Organizations have many ways of reflecting the results of the performance measurement results by giving them either monetary rewards, or additional out days. It is also ethical for an employee to receive a feedback straight from his or her supervisor, whether it is a positive or negative feedback. One of the most popularly used performance measurement tool is the dashboard. The most important data about the company can be found in the d ashboard, such as the target and performance data reports, which can be printed out through a spreadsheet on a regular basis. This makes it easier for managers to access whatever information they need, instead of constantly waiting for someone else to give it to them. Information such as performance of the employees, organizational productivity, custom orders, and order fulfillment are some of the necessary information for managers.From this accessible information, the managers can readily make decisions for the company or with regards to any issue. Dashboards used to be utmostly static, meaning it is only capable of providing one preview of a data at a time. However, due to the technological advancements, dashboards are growing to be more interactive. Now, it is already possible for the users to upload their own data on the dashboard (Carr, 2008). Motorola first invented the six-sigma in 1980s, with the goal of providing better quality for the processes in various businesses, w hich many hug and small businesses are already using. This program is very useful in ensuring customer value and reliability. It was initially developed for quality control of businesses, but later on, companies are starting to use it to improve their communication system, thus resulting to more improved processes in companies. The major result of this is still higher quality of outputs.Apparently, the six-sigma program was developed for the sole purpose of enhancing the business processes, such as the variation reduction and financial reporting. Because of the goals, the result of the six-sigma program is well-improved customer satisfaction of most businesses. The technology behind this program is DMAIC methodology or defines, measure, analyze, improve, and control. Define stage is where the bother is identified, and then it is quantified during the measure stage. The causes of the problem are then identified during the analyze stage. Improving stage is when the problems are fixed . Finally, the control phase is putting everything in place assuring that the problem will not happen again (Six-sigma program, 2004).Perhaps, almost any type of organization has already experienced having a purge fail. Any project failure can cost an organization a lot of millions. Common reasons for a failed project are cancellation and failure to complete it at the given timeline. Moreover, failure to specify project details will also lead to its failure, as well as pretermit of communication and project management. Finally, the major factor that leads to project failure is the lack of project measurement. It is one aspect of the project that actually sports any issue on the project and address them before the proper project kick off and implementation. These are some of the project development and implementation based on the EDA PM system Performance measurement should be used to determine possible hindrances to a project. Project must be according to the priorities of the pr oject. A strong project management system should be well established. It should be noted that implementation of the PM system can take a lot of time, effort, and at some point, money. Thus, a company should have the most competent staff to work on it, with the close monitoring and support of the top management. Performance measurement can also be used to easily recognize achievements from thee project. The duties and responsibilities should be clearly set for the entire phase from project planning to implementation Performance measurement will clearly identify the needs of the project. Consistency should be observed in terms of the project development and implementation with the company objectives and expected deliverables. In this method, the collect, analyze, interpret and report process in the project measurement should be identified. Business processes should include the project performance measurement in order for them to systematically collect, analyze, interpret, and report whatever is derived from the project development. Performance measurement should be objective, just, quantifiable, and results oriented, patch including substantial qualitative information (Shayne, 2004).Performance measurement can have different functions customer satisfaction, business development, employee motivation, and business process enhancement. It has been widely used as a tool to motivate employees to do better in their jobs, with the promise of incentives or rewards. Having a pool of motivated employees will eventually lead to high quality outputs. Moreover, performance measurement will allow a company to operate according to their goals, and have a way to analyze how the output of their current processes will go. It will also give the company a chance to improve certain areas, which they think are more useful in achieving their goals. Performance measurement is also a reliable tool for managers for their decision-making processes, because of its objectivity.Ref erencesCarr, N. (2008). The Data Dashboard. American School Board Journal, 195(12), 42. Retrieved August 2, 2010, from Master FILE Premier database. Mausolff, C., Spence, J. (2008). Performance Measurement and Program Effectiveness A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. International Journal of Public Administration, 31(6), 595-615. doi10.1080/01900690701640929. Shayne, B. (2004). Performance-Measurement. Retrieved August 2, 2010, from http//www.performance-measurement.netSIX-SIGMA PROGRAM. (2004). In Encyclopedia of Health distribute Management, Sage. Retrieved August 2, 2010, fromhttp//www.credoreference.com/entry/sageeohcm/six_sigma_program

Factors Causing Abusive Behaviour

Factors Causing Abusive BehaviourDiscuss the pathways that lead to a youngster becoming an ab utilizerIntroduction disgust can take many forms, including physical, knowledgeable, psychological or financial1. It can in like manner be communicatory and mad2. There be frequently difficulties associated with defining abuse3, which exists in spite of appearance social, cultural and legal parameters for example using physical chastisement with fryren in whatever cultures is considered to be the norm4. In the UK, while the use of implements to hit children has been made illegal5, the debate about smacking continues it is good-tempered permissible to use reason open chastisement6, although in that location has been criticism of this from such agencies as the case Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) who assert that any form of physical punishment should be outlawed.Physical abuse is more comprehensively specify ashitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burnin g, scalding, dr avowing, suffocating or otherwise causing physical harm(p. 533)7The definition of sexualityual abuse varies according to the nature of the victim (for example in coitus to child sexual abuse) however a broad definition is that it involves the misuse of power, which power be combined with the use of force, to gain sexual gratification from a vulnerable person8Psychological and emotional abuse drive home some similarities, however psychological abuse is distinguishable from emotional abuse in that it results in some form of cognitive or mental impairment9 whereas emotional abuse is, arguably, more difficult to quantify as there is a degree of subjectivity mixed however it has been described as the use of wholeness or more of the following behaviours humiliation, harassment, verbal abuse, demonstrating jealous and possessive behaviour, using threats, abandonment, destruction or remotion of items that are important to the recipient, using controlling behaviour (for example within a relationship) and undermining someone with a view to lowering their self- esteem10Financial abuse is defined asThe intentional or opportunistic appropriation of the income, capital or property of a vulnerable person through theft, fraud, deception, undue influence or exploitation (p. 17).11Verbal abuse is frequently a component of other types of abuse for example psychological and emotional abuse is likely to involve verbal abuse, which essentially, is the use of language which is disrespectful and hurtful to the recipient12.A complex form of abuse arises from Munchausen syndrome by Proxy13. This involves a parent or care- giver (most frequently the mother) magnanimous an often plausible impression to health practitioners that a child is ill, by falsifying symptoms, providing false specimens, administering substances which affect the childs health, or by inflicting wounds or interfering with existing injuries. Quite often the mother has some health care experience so is equipped with the knowledge to inform her actions, and is also able to feign concern while at the same time giving the impression of being pleasant and cooperative. Inevitably the child is likely to suffer superfluous distress, pain and discomfort and as such the effect of this syndrome is considered to be a form of child abuse, involving as it does physical, psychological and emotional harm. Health professionals may unknowingly be complicit in the abuse by conducting investigations and invasive procedures which can cause further distress14. The mother is motivated by her own psychological needs for tending and a sense of worth. The reasons why somebody should develop this syndrome are not clear, and various theories of causation have been put forward, such as personality disorder, depressive indisposition, emotional disturbance and substance abuse15. Some sources report that the mother herself may have been ill-treat as a child16. If this is the case then this could be o ne chronicle for why a child becomes an abuser.There are various manifestations of abuse within the context of this question. Some children demonstrate shameful behaviour while still in their childhood17 a notorious and extreme example of this is the murder of two- year old James Bulger by two ten year old boys in 199318. Other children go on to display abusive behaviour during their adolescence19,20,21 while in other pot, abusive behaviour does not emerge until adulthood disdain it being achievable to trace influential factors back to their childhood22The abused who becomes the abuserIt is a widely held assumption that people who become abusers, were abused themselves and indeed there is evidence to support this contention23,24 . Children who enkindle up within an abusive environment are three times more likely to become abusers, however it also important to acknowledge that not all children who have been abused go on to become abusers25. It would appear that it is more likely for abused children to become abusers if they grow up within an environment where multifactorial influences are present such as a family history of violence, sexual abuse by a female, parental command and lack of supervision26,27 . It is important to gain an understanding of why children who have been abused might themselves become abusers, as these factors can be addressed as part of a preventative strategy (breaking the cycle of abuse). Firstly there is evidence that there may be intergenerational transmission of parenting style, whether good or severe the child simply goes on to practice what they have absorbed as a child, some of which might be on an unconscious level28 . It is also possible that the person is left with feelings of rage, anger and resentment from having been abused and the disempowering effect that this has had on them. They might go on to project these feelings onto a more vulnerable person than they such as a child using them to vent their feelings manife sted as a form of abuse. The person who was abused as a child might feel angry if they are unable to punish or hurt the perpetrator of their abuse and instead might turn on a interchange who becomes the object of their frustrations29,30. They might even use the victim of their abuse as a means of offloading the residual emotions they have as a result of their own experiences of abuse.Ward and Siegerts pathways model31 reflects the terminology within the title and offers some explanations for the reasons that people go on to commit sexual abuse, specifically. There are five pathways within this model intimacy and social skills deficits deviant sexual scripts emotional dysregulation anti- social cognitions and multiple dysfunctional mechanisms. These are relevant to the question because the origin of sexually abusive behaviour is linked to early life experiences within at least three of these pathways it is the manifestation of the behaviours that varies. Intimacy and social skills d eficits are associated with childhood experiences of abuse and neglect and insecure attachment relationships with adults. .Elsewhere attachment deficit has been cited as a cause of violent behaviour in adulthood towards a partner, which is associated with fear of abandonment32. The deviant sexual scripts pathway is explained by the experience of childhood sexual abuse the individuals sexual script reflecting their past experience. Multiple dysfunctional mechanisms are verbalise to develop from childhood experiences of sexual victimisation or early exposure to sexual behaviour and/ or material. The value of this model has been identified as oblation a framework for appropriate treatment for sex offenders, as the underlying reason for the behaviour can be identified and addressed33.Psychosocial factorsPsychosocial factors such as parental firing due to death, separation or divorce have been linked with children becoming abusers34 however the likelihood of this occurring is increase d if there are multiple factors involved, as indicated on p. 4, para. 1. It is also possible that the child who has not been directly abused themselves, but has witnessed violence at close quarters, for example their mother being abused by their father, learns that violence is an appropriate behaviour in relation to the resolution of conflict35. However it could be argued that exposing children to such behaviour in itself constitutes a form of abuse, as it is distressing and can have long- term psychological effects. In relation to exposure to violence, there is a body of evidence to link the relationship among playing violent video games, and watching violent films, with an increase in aggressive behaviour36,37 . A link was made between the killing of James Bulger (referred to supra on p. 3, para. 2) and the influence of video violence, although there were also several other proposed causes for the incident38. There are also links made between socioeconomic factors and the relati ve incidence of abuse39,40, however once again there are likely to be other, interrelated contributory factors, such as unemployment and alcohol or drug abuse. finaleAn extensive review of the literature yields a compelling argument that many abusers were themselves abused as children. However it is also clear that not all children who have been abused become abusers themselves. There are gaps in the literature in relation to examining the reasons why some individuals and not others, are able to turn outdoor(a) from the effects of abuse. It would appear that the reasons why a child becomes an abuser are complex and multifactorial it has been suggested at several points in this essay that the effects of one single causative factor can be strengthened by the presence of other negative factors. In summary, the factors that might cause a child to become an abuser accept being the victim of abuse, be it physical, sexual, emotional or a combination of one or more types being exposed to violent behaviour (for example between parents) exposure to materials that depict violence, such as magazines, films and video games emotional deprivation leading to attachment deficit loss of a parent exposure to sexually explicit materials and/ or behaviour neglect the abuse of alcohol and/ or drugs within the home poverty and a lack of (non- abusive) discipline and guidance.ReferencesAbuse definitions and symptoms. Verbal Abuse. http//www.nemasys.com/ghostwolf/Resources/abusedef.shtml 2004 Accessed maiden February 2007.Adshead G and Brooke D (eds.) Munchausens syndrome by proxy current issues in assessment, treatment and research. Imperial College offer 2001.Bagley C. Child Abusers Research and Treatment. usual Publishers. 2003. p.2bbc.co.uk. 1993 Two boys charged with toddlers murder. http//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552185.stm. Accessed 1st February 2007.bbc.co.uk. sensitive smacking law comes into force. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi /uk/4175905.stm 2005. Accessed 1st February 2007.Boyles S. Do Sexually Abused Kids Become Abusers? WebMD. http//www.webmd.com/content/article/60/67158.htm 2003 Accessed 31 January 2007.Brogden M and Nijhar P Crime, Abuse and the Elderly. Willan Publishing. 2000. p. 44Brown S. Treating Sex Offenders an introduction to sex offender treatment programmes. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 93. stem M. Invited commentaries on Cycle of child sexual abuse links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator. The British Journal of abnormal psychology 179 2001 pp. 495-496Cardwell M and Flanagan C Psychology A2. Nelson Thornes. 2003. p. 53Catherall D. The vade mecum of Stress, detriment, and the Family. Routledge. 2004. p. 385.Cohle S and Byard R. Sudden Death in Infancy, puerility and Adolescence. Cambridge University public press. 2004. p.138Duncan K. Healing From The Trauma Of Childhood Sexual Abuse the journey for women. Praeger/Greenwood 2004. p. 205.Elliot J and Place M. Children in Di fficulty A Guide to Understanding and Helping. Routledge 2004. pp. 110-111Erooga M. Children and teen stack Who Sexually Abuse Others challenges and responses. Routledge 1999.Flowers R Domestic Crimes, Family Violence and Child Abuse A Study of Contemporary American SocietyMcFarland Company. 2000. p. 14.Goodwin J. Munchausens Syndrome as a dissociative disorder. https//scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/1331/1/Diss_1_1_6_OCR.pdf Accessed second February 2007Greer S. Territorial Politics and Health Policy UK Health Policy in Comparative Perspective. Manchester University Press. 2005. p.59Hagell A Jeyarajah-Dent R Children Who Commit Acts of Serious Interpersonal Violence Messages for Practice. Jessica Kinglsey publishers. 2006. p. 75. hillock M and Lockyer A. early days Justice and Child Protection. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2006. p.124.Hines D and Malley- Morrison K. Family Violence in a Cultural Perspective. keen-sighted Publications. 2004. pp. 4, 49.Horton I an d Feltham C. The Sage Handbook of Counselling And Psychotherapy. Sage Publicaiotns 2006. p. 464.Itzin C. Home truths about child sexual abuse a reader. Routledge 2000. p.222.Kandel Englander, E. Understanding violence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2002. p.11Knauer S. Recovering from Sexual Abuse, Addictions, and Compulsive Behaviors Numb Survivors. Haworth Press. 2002. pp. 146-7Krahe B. The sociable Psychology of Aggression. Psychology Press (UK). 2001. p. 161.Marshall W, OReilly G, Carr A and Beckett R. Handbook of Clinical Intervention with Young People Who Sexually Abuse. Psychology Press. 2004. pp. 47-50Macleod-Brudene I. Advanced Early Years Care and reproduction For Levels 4 and 5. Harcourt Heinemann. 2004. p. 397McAuley C, Pecora P and Rose W. Enhancing the Well Being of Children And Families Through Effective Interventions. Jessica Kingsley Publishers 2006. p. 144.Mukherji P. Understanding Childrens Challenging Behaviour. Nelson Thornes 2001. p. 58.National Audit Office. pr otecting and promoting the financial affairs of people who lose mental capacity. The Stationery Office. 2005. p. 17.Plat- Jones J. Domestic violence the role of health professionals. Nursing Standard. 21(14-15-16) 2006pp. 44-48Reference.com. James Bulger. http//www.reference.com/browse/wiki/James_Bulger. Accessed 1st February 2007Sigelman C and Rider E. Life- span homo Development. Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. p. 449Skuse D and Bouvier P. Risk of sexually abused children becoming adult abusers lower than once thought. The Lancet February 2003.Stosny S. Treating Attachment Abuse A Compassionate ApproachSpringer Publishing 1995. pp. 42-44.Tilley N. Handbook Of Crime Prevention And Community Safety. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 533Wilson R. Fabricated or induced illness in children. British Medical Journal. 323. 2001. pp. 296-297Total word count (does not include footnotes) 22531Footnotes1Brogden M and Nijhar P Crime, Abuse and the Elderly. Willan Publishing. 2000. p. 442 Flowers R Domesti c Crimes, Family Violence and Child Abuse A Study of Contemporary American SocietyMcFarland Company. 2000. p. 14.3,10Hines D and Malley- Morrison K. Family Violence in a Cultural Perspective. Sage Publications. 2004. pp. 4, 494 Mukherji P. Understanding Childrens Challenging Behaviour. Nelson Thornes 2001. p. 58.5 Macleod-Brudene I. Advanced Early Years Care and Education For Levels 4 and 5. Harcourt Heinemann. 2004. p. 397.6 bbc.co.uk. New smacking law comes into force. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4175905.stm 2005. Accessed 1st February 2007.7 Tilley N. Handbook Of Crime Prevention And Community Safety. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 533.8 Horton I and Feltham C. The Sage Handbook of Counselling And Psychotherapy. Sage Publicaiotns 2006. p. 464.9 Krahe B. The Social Psychology of Aggression. Psychology Press (UK). 2001. p. 161.1011 National Audit Office. protecting and promoting the financial affairs of people who lose mental capacity. The Stationery Office. 2005. p. 17.12 Abuse def initions and symptoms. Verbal Abuse. http//www.nemasys.com/ghostwolf/Resources/abusedef.shtml 2004 Accessed 1st February 2007.13 Adshead G and Brooke D (eds.) Munchausens syndrome by proxy current issues in assessment , treatment and research. Imperial College Press 2001.14 Wilson R. Fabricated or induced illness in children. British Medical Journal. 323. 2001. pp. 296-297.15 Cohle S and Byard R. Sudden Death in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. Cambridge University Press. 2004. p.13816 Goodwin J. Munchausens Syndrome as a dissociative disorder. https//scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/dspace/bitstream/1794/1331/1/Diss_1_1_6_OCR.pdf Accessed 2nd February 200717 Erooga M. Children and Young People Who Sexually Abuse Others challenges and responses. Routledge 1999.18 bbc.co.uk. 1993 Two boys charged with toddlers murder.http//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552185.stm. Accessed 1st February 2007.19, 23Hagell A Jeyarajah-Dent R Children Who Commit Acts of Serious Interpersonal Violence Messages for Practice. Jessica Kinglsey publishers. 2006. p. 75.20 Elliot J and Place M. Children in Difficulty A Guide to Understanding and Helping. Routledge 2004. pp. 110-11121 Itzin C. Home truths about child sexual abuse a reader. Routledge 2000. p.222.22 Bagley C. Child Abusers Research and Treatment. Universal Publishers. 2003. p.22324 McAuley C, Pecora P and Rose W. Enhancing the Well Being of Children And Families Through Effective Interventions. Jessica Kingsley Publishers 2006. p. 144.25,26 Boyles S. Do Sexually Abused Kids Become Abusers? WebMD. http//www.webmd.com/content/article/60/67158.htm 2003. Accessed 31 January 2007.2627 Skuse D and Bouvier P. Risk of sexually abused children becoming adult abusers lower than once thought. The Lancet February 2003.28 Sigelman C and Rider E. Life- span Human Development. Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. p. 44929 Duncan K. Healing From The Trauma Of Childhood Sexual Abuse the journey for women. Praeger/Green wood 2004. p. 205.30 Knauer S. Recovering from Sexual Abuse, Addictions, and Compulsive Behaviours Numb Survivors. Haworth Press. 2002. pp. 146-731 Marshall W, OReilly G, Carr A and Beckett R. Handbook of Clinical Intervention with Young People Who Sexually Abuse. Psychology Press. 2004. pp. 47-5032 Stosny S. Treating Attachment Abuse A Compassionate Approach. Springer Publishing 1995. pp. 42-44.33 Brown S. Treating Sex Offenders an introduction to sex offender treatment programmes. Willan Publishing. 2005. p. 93.34 Cannon M. Invited commentaries on Cycle of child sexual abuse links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator. The British Journal of Psychiatry 179 2001 pp. 495-49635 Plat- Jones J. Domestic violence the role of health professionals. Nursing Standard. 21(14-15-16) 2006pp. 44-4836 Kandel Englander, E. Understanding violence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2002. p.1137 Cardwell M and Flanagan C Psychology A2. Nelson Thornes. 2003. p. 53.38 Reference.com. James Bulge r. http//www.reference.com/browse/wiki/James_Bulger. Accessed 1st February 2007.39 Hill M and Lockyer A. Youth Justice and Child Protection. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2006. p.124.40 Greer S. Territorial Politics and Health Policy UK Health Policy in Comparative Perspective. Manchester University Press. 2005. p.59.

Expanding The Market Share For Apples Iphone Marketing Essay

Expanding The Market Share For orchard apple trees I skirt Marketing EssayA Marketing enquiry project for the MSc planetary Marketing Management programme 2010/11Executive SummaryThe purpose of this explore was to insure how to incr residuum the market share of the iPh nonpareil in China. In regulate to conduct the study, the trade inquiry problem was identified as to determine the needs and preferences of profaneers of smartphones in the Chinese market. In line with the query problem sestet hypotheses were developed to be riddleed.In this project, several research approaches were employ. Exploratory research was conducted to help the researchers obtain a rudimentary understanding and insight into the problems facing orchard apple tree Inc., while conclusive research helped to build upon the findings of the exploratory research. Through searching and reading secondary data, the researchers identified the different portions, in terms of visible factors (e.g., price, qual ity, ease of use), social factors (e.g., fashion purchasing, group identity, symbol of status) and emotional factors (e.g., brand image, appearance, advertisement, etc.), that theoretic eithery should diverge leverage behaviour.Based on the secondary data, a questionnaire was designed and administered to 176 Chinese students in the University of Leeds from 11th to twenty-second November 2010 to collect the primary data of their experiences and satisfactions towards smartphones and the iPhone. The results were analysed using SPSS, and several statistical quizs performed to check whether the hypotheses were accepted in the study.From the project, the researchers found that all the iii factors (physical factor, social factor and emotional factor) individually were closely link up to the lights of iPhone, and in like manner that these common chord factors combined exerted figure out towards the perceptions. Moreover, consumers perceptions toward the iPhone were found to be co lligate to their slip purchase satisfactions as swell up. Gender and income, as the demographic moderators, also have influence on the perceptions and satisfactions of iPhone, although the effect of gender was limited. As a result, the study could be considered as a reference of iPhone to identify their current problems in Chinese market and design corresponding marketing strategy to increase their marketing share in China.Table of Contents1A Marketing explore project for the MSc International Marketing Management programme 2010/11 1 instauration 4Background 6SWOT analysis for iPhone in Chinese market 7 line of work Definition 7Management Decision Problem 7Market interrogation Problem 8Research Components 8Research Approach evolution 8Literature review 81.1.1 animal(prenominal) Factors 81.1.2 social Factors 91.1.3Emotional/Psychological Factors 91.1.4Demographic Factors 9Conceptual instance 11Research Question and Hypotheses 11Research formulate and Methodology 13Research Des ign 13Secondary Research 13Primary Research 141.1.5Research Approach 141.1.6Sampling Design 141.1.7Questionnaire Design 16 guinea pig work 19Analytical Methods 20Results and Hypotheses Testing 21Profile of the respondents 21Factors influencing mobile phone excerpts 211.1.8Factors influencing smartphone preferences 211.1.9Factors related to iPhones 221.1.10Post purchase Satisfaction 23Hypothesis Testing 237. Conclusions and Recommendations 297.1 Conclusion 29The conclusion is shown in the following model 307.2 Recommendations 307.3 Limitations of the Research 318. References 329.List of Appendix 34Appendix 1 Questionnaire 349.2 Appendix 2 Respondents Profile Frequency 399.3 Appendix 3 mean value Value 419.4 Appendix 4 Moderator regression table 44IntroductionThe market for smartphones has been growing continually. The proof of its popularity is that sales of smartphones to end users have reached 54.3 million units in the first quarter of 2010, an increase of 48.7 percent from the same period in 2009. smartphones hold 17.3 percent of worldwide mobile phone devices sales (Gartner, whitethorn 2010).There are currently more than 6 types of operating systems available in the smartphone market, such as Symbian, RIM, Apple iOS, Android, Windows bustling and Linux. The Nokia Symbian holds the highest market share followed by RIM BlackBerry and Apple iOS in the year 2010 (Gartner, May 2010). The players in the market compete by introducing vernal origins and adding value to their phones, since the consumers expect more from smartphones than from basic accept phones (Mintel, January 2010). Creating an image of being a state of the art technology provider may give the positive connotations in the customers head that allow them to plume a higher price, as the strategy that Apple implemented with the iPhone has shown ( data Monitor, May 2010). Even so, according to the fact that 51 percent of the consumers will not buy the phone unless the price come down (Mintel, January 2010), price does clearly matter to them.The factors influencing smartphone purchasing decisions needs to be identified in order to develop mod potential opportunities to create distinctive competencies. This study will cover factors influencing iPhone perception and iPhone post purchase satisfaction. This should give a guide to a successful marketing strategy in the future.BackgroundApple Inc. is one of the major(ip) companies of technology and innovation in consumer products in the world. They provide a wide range of products and services, from laptop and desktop computers to accessories and software services. The company recorded r stock- tacitues of al well-nigh $43 billion during the financial year ending in September 2009 (FY2009), an increase of over 14% since 2008. The increase in revenues was in the first place due to growth in sales of iPhone handsets and the related sales of third-party digital content and applications from the iTunes Store (Data Monitor, May 20 10). But even though China has the highest number of mobile phone subscribers in the world, the sales figures for iPhone in China as reported by China Unicom (Hong Kong) Ltd. are removed behind the rest of the big markets in the world. It took only 30 hours for Apple iPhone to reach over 200,000 sold units in the U.S. in 2007, but it took more than a month to reach the same number in China (The Economic Times, October 2010). One possible factor holding the iPhone back in China is its comparatively high price. Apple and Unicom charge $730 to $1,020 for the iPhone, not including discounts on service, making it more expensive than grey market iPhones brought into the country through places like Hong Kong. There may be up to two million such grey market iPhones in China according to an estimate by Paul Wuh, an analyst finishing China Unicom for Samsung Securities. In addition to this, the Wi-Fi Internet function was initially disabled on Unicoms iPhones to comply with Chinese governm ent rules (Wall Street Journal, Dec 2009), which might also have contributed to the slow take-off of iPhone sales.NOTE Is this a referenceSWOT analysis for iPhone in Chinese marketStrengthsStrong brand nameFocuses RD driving innovationProvides State of the art technologiesOpportunitiesStrong growth in smartphones market segmentContinuing growth in demand for handheld devicesWeaknessesProduct recallsPatent incursionExpensive PriceThreatsIntense competitionDependence on specific suppliersChinese Governments regulationsHigh cost of internet bundle providerReference Data monitor 21 May 2010 Available at http//www.datamonitor.comProblem DefinitionManagement Decision ProblemApple Inc. has encountered some potential limitations for the iPhone in the Chinese market, such as government regulations, grey market opportunities and the high price of the phone. Even though 100,000 iPhone 4s were sold in the first 4 days of handiness (Sutherland, 2010), representing a high demand for the iPhone, the market share in China is still lower than anywhere else in the world. Hence, the management decision problem for Apple could be How to increase iPhone market share in China?Market Research ProblemTo answer the management decision problem it needs to be translated into a market research problem, which the researchers in that respectfore define to beTo determine the needs and preferences of buyers of smartphones in the Chinese marketResearch ComponentsTo clarify consumers perceptions toward smartphones.To determine the factors that influence consumers decision to buy the iPhone.To evaluate consumers post purchase behaviour of iPhone.To discover potential influence of demographic factors on iPhone satisfactionResearch Approach DevelopmentLiterature review check to the secondary data that have been collected for this study, in that respect are 4 main factors that should influence consumers technology buying decisions.Physical FactorsConsumers would look into visible aspects (desi gn) more than software specific aspects (operating system). Three main factors that consumers focus on are good design, the brand of the handset and quality of integrated camera. The consumers hobonot al moods tell the distinction amid the latest innovative phones and other phones. The companies attempts to position themselves, as high technology innovators may not be signifi arouset when consumers do not look for it (Mintel, January 2010). A better design leads to a sense of better usability and help to extend users emotional attachment to the device (Nanda, 2008)Social FactorsAs a rule, in the emerging markets of the world the penetration of mobile technology is higher in the high-income segments of a population. In the developed world a mobile handset is part of the everyday world, while elsewhere it is still considered as a luxury and a symbol of status. Thus, while income is less related to the ownership of a mobile handset in Europe, in China it is still a very important f actor (Castells et al., 2004).To specify on puerile consumers, they want to keep up with the most recent rationalize so there is a quick turnover in their technology adopting behaviour. They were controlled by trend not technology and they fear to be excluded from their group because the lack of technology involvement (Mintel, August 2008). People were influenced by their own group about which phone to buy. The innovation and designs were developed to satisfy consumers social needs (Vincent, 2009). Young users are also more likely to use SMS rather than voice calls than other users, mainly because it is cheaper and because they usually have more time to master the technical skill of texting. For the older, working population where the employer pays the bills the opposite is the general rule (Castells et al., 2004).Emotional/Psychological FactorsThe manipulation of the phones is more than just a communication tool. They become personal objects (Hallns Redstrm, 2002). The common emotional responses among mobile phone users are being cool, chilled out and tuned into a mobile phone culture The thrill and the novelty of the mobile phone What the phones can do for the users are the factors that enable and strengthen the descent.Demographic FactorsThere is a positive relation in the midst of age and price concern. Older buyers would take price as an important factor when deciding to buy a new phone (Mintel, January 2010). As well as teenage buyers, they have a budget constraint due to their limited income. Consequently they would wait until they are certain(a) about their choice so as to avoid making a bad purchase. This concern leads to a brand criterion. In order to reduce the jeopardize of wasting their money, they would stick to the trusted brand only (Mintel, August 2008). Technology goods are a low elasticity product to men. During the recession men still buy new technology goods. Women are more prices sensitive than men and they are also interested in design more than men (Mintel, June 2009). repayable to the two facts that in China ownership of a mobile phone is positively related to income, and that a larger part of the high-income earners are men, there is a gap surrounded by number of male and female users of mobile phones. However, there is a growing market segment targeted at women where the exterior design is the major selling point (Castells et al., 2004).There is also a difference in how male and females perceive and use their handsets female users are not only likelier to tally the phone as a fashionable accessory but also use it as a key channel to maintain personal relationships. This becomes lucid in studies that show that even if more men than women use SMS, women are more frequent users of it than men (Castells et al., 2004).Conceptual ModelFigure 1 Model of Smartphone Purchasing DecisionH1H3H4H5H6iPhonePerceptionsPost purchase SatisfactionDemographic ModeratorsPhysical FactorsH2Social FactorsEmotional FactorsR esearch Question and HypothesesQ1 Is there any relationship between physical factors and the iPhone perceptions?H1 There is a relationship between physical factors and the iPhone perceptions.Q2 Is there any relationship between social factors and the iPhone perceptions?H2 There is a relationship between social factors and the iPhone perceptions.Q3 Is there any relationship between emotional factors and the iPhone perceptions?H3 There is a relationship between emotional factors and the iPhone perceptions.Q4 Is there a relationship between physical factors, social factors and emotional factors and iPhone perceptions?H4 There is a relationship between physical factors, social factors and emotional factors and iPhone perceptions.Q5 Is there a relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfactions?H5 There is a relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfactions.Q6a Does the demographic moderator of income influence the relationship between iPhone per ceptions and post purchase satisfaction?H6a The demographic moderator of income influences the relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction.Q6b Does the demographic moderator of gender influence the relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction?H6b The demographic moderator of gender influences the relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction.Research Design and MethodologyResearch DesignResearch design is a framework or blueprint conducting a market research project that specifies the procedures necessary to obtain the datarmation needed to structure or solve the marketing problem (Malhotra, 2009 94).The objective of this project is to emend the sales volume of iPhone in China. The first step here was to define the management decision problem and then apply suitable market research approach. There are two types of research designsExploratory An exploratory research was conducted to gain a basic understan ding and insight in the problems faced by Apple Inc. This was done mainly through secondary data. The exploratory research proved that there was some problem and further research was required in order to address it appropriately.Conclusive A conclusive research was conducted to build upon the finding of the exploratory research. It is done mainly to test the formulated hypotheses. The conclusive research is of two types descriptive and casual. The descriptive research was used to identify the relationship between the different variables affecting the buying behaviour whereas the causal research was used to determine the cause and effect relationships between the moderator and the variables.Secondary ResearchThis is one of the most important elements of a market research project especially when there is time and cost constraint. Since the study revolves around a very new, unique and innovative product so the secondary data has been entirely sourced from the quality journals, newspape rs and research articles. In order to maintain authenticity of the data, all the data was compared among each other and this lay the foundation for the development of the research model for the study.Primary ResearchResearch ApproachThe survey method was used to collect the information from the respondents in this research. This method was chosen due to its advantages of ease, reliability, and simplicity along with the fact that it can simultaneously demonstrate the insights into who the actual consumers are, how the consumers behave, and why the consumers behave in certain way (Malhotra, 2009 p214). With the consideration of time and resource constraints, the questionnaires were distributed to Chinese students at the University of Leeds. In addition to distributing the questionnaire face to face to the respondents, an on-line version of the questionnaire was also made available by the researchers to collect data from the respondents.Sampling DesignIn this case, to understand the co rrelations between different types of factors and the smartphone purchasing decision of Chinese consumers and between demographic moderators and the customer satisfaction, the judge sizing was determined according to the four steps of the Sampling Design Process (Malhotra, 2009 p371).Defining the Target PopulationElements of the Sample Prospective purchasers of mobile phones in ChinaSample Units Chinese mobile phone usersExtent Chinese students study in the University of LeedsTime Period November, 2010Sample Frame The Chinese students who study at the University of Leeds were the target population of this research. According to the web page of the University of Leeds (http//www.leeds.ac.uk/info/30313/asia/200/china), the number of Chinese students was 561 when the research was undertaken. Therefore, the sample coat was calculated based on the population size of 561.Sampling Technique Sampling techniques can be classified as non-probability sampling and probability sampling (Malhot ra, 2009 p373). Non-probability sampling was selected for the data collection in this research due to the time and resource constraints the selecting of sample elements was based on the research teams personal judgment and conveniencealecting of sample elements was survey was carried out among different income level.ch could expand the age interval of the re.Determining the sample size The sample size of the research was calculated by statistical method with the formula belown =wheren = sample size requiredN = population sizeZ = number of standard errors (Z=1.96 for 95% confidence level)(Anton, 1995, cited by Palihawadana, 2009)The sample size was calculated at 95% confidence level, thereofn = = 229According to the calculation above, 229 questionnaires were required to be collected in this research. However, due to the time and resource constraints, instead 76% of the required sample size or 176 questionnaires were to be included in this research.Questionnaire DesignA questionnaire was designed to collect the quantitative primary data. According to the literature review, threesome factors were embraced in the questionnaire to determine their relevance of smartphones purchasing decision. Besides, collecting basic information of the respondents helped to investigate whether the demographic moderators affected the consumer satisfaction. The questionnaire was designed on the basis of questionnaire design process (Malhotra, 2009 p.331).Information postulate The first step is to make sure the information which should be collected and used to analyse the result. Thus, it is vital to clearly understand the research questions and hypotheses so as to help the questionnaire remain focused. As the respondents are students at the University of Leeds, the wording and style used in the questionnaire was appropriate to their level of education.Type of Interviewing Method The survey was conducted mainly by using personal interviews, accompanied by an internet survey. As a r esult, complex questions were avoided and all the questions were made as detailed and clear as possible so as to avoid any ambiguity.Content of Individual Questions All questions were designed based on six hypotheses. Reviewing the form and structure of related researches helped the questionnaire to be succinct and well-structured, and thus easy for young respondents to answer.Question Design The questionnaire was designed to be as simple as possible to achieve chevvy the willingness to answer of the respondents. Moreover, the questions were oriented to require less effort and to avoid asking for sensitive information.Question structure and operationalisation of the variables Question design7-AttitudinalScalesDichotomous Datamultiple-choice QuestionsQuestionsSocial FactorsPhysical FactorsEmotional FactorsQ 3d, 3e, 3f, 7d, 7e, 7fQ3g-i, 7g-i, 8a-g, 12a-gH1H2H3Q4,Q10,Q14Q1, Q2, Q5,Q 3a, 3b, 3c, 7a, 7b, 7cDemo-graphic ModeratorsQ15, Q16, Q17, Q18, Q19H6Post-purchaseSatisfactionQ13Q6Con structItemReferenceH4iPhonePercep-tionsH5Q11The questionnaire included 19 questions in four pages. In this questionnaire, three formats of questions were designed, which are, respectively multiple-choice questions, 7-attitudinal scales and dichotomous questions. octuple-choice questions were designed in order to get the general information about peoples perception of mobile phones and smartphones, as well as respondents personal information. As respondents are familiar with phones, and the personal information questions are basic background questions, respondents could easily choose a preference choice from the several alternatives. In addition, since the questions were asked in an objective way, the data collected can be taken as reliable.Dichotomous data is that classified into either one of two mutually exclusive values. In the questionnaire, the dichotomous questions were about Yes or No questions about purchasing phones of respondents.Scale questions were used to indicate resp ondents attitudinal preference of the give items or sentences. In the questionnaire, scale questions were designed as the model of 7-attitudinal scale questions. Among most of these questions, 7 represented strongly agree or strongly live up to while 1 represents strongly disagree or strongly dissatisfied, indicating respondents side in a much more detailed manner. All the factors that directly influence the hypothesis can be evaluated in on the 7-attitudinal scale question model, including physical factors, social factors as well as emotional factors. In this way the researchers found it easy to evaluate the factors that influence peoples preferences regarding smartphones according to the data.Question wording Questions in the questionnaire were appropriate, simple and objective. While designing the questionnaire, special attention was given so that the questions did not mislead or prime the respondents in any way. This way the reliability of the data is enhanced.Sections of the questionnaire The questionnaire was divided into four parts Section A Mobile Phones in the Market Section B Smartphones in the Market Section C iPhone and Section D Personal Information. In Section A, it the respondents general perception about mobile phones was explored in Section B, the questionnaire tried to get an idea of Chinese international students preferences towards smartphones at Leeds University in Section C, the questionnaire focused on the attitude towards iPhone among Chinese students at Leeds University and in the last part, Section D, it is appertained that all the respondents provide their basic personal information, which is an essential part of demographic factors as it would help the researchers to test Hypothesis 4 as a reference. Among the first three sections, equivalent attitudinal questions are asked in order to make a comparison among students attitude towards feature phones, smartphones and the iPhone. Also, all these three parts contained questions abou t physical factors, social factors and emotional factors that could influence peoples decision while buying phones.Form and Layout The questionnaire was designed in a way that would inspire the respondents willingness and interest to finish it. This was done by way of keeping sections clearly defined, avoiding the title or questions within a section to be separated between alternatives in two pages. Additionally, certain care was taken to give the questionnaire an appealing look, and the university logo was added to give a serious and trustworthy impression. pilot testing Before collecting data from Chinese students in Leeds University, a pilot testing was made among five Chinese students at different schools, to test the practicability of the questionnaire. The suggestions from the five respondents were taken into consideration. The questionnaire was then complemented with some new alternatives, covering more situations and factors in a better way. While doing the actual survey, it was concluded that the respondents of the questionnaire perceive it to be much easier to answer all the questions after the views of the respondents of the Pilot project were incorporated.Field workThe duration of data collection was between 11th and 22nd of November 2010, when 176 questionnaires were distributed by the six members of the research team. The researchers collected the data from Chinese students by requesting them to fill out the questionnaires on the campus of the University of Leeds.Analytical MethodsIn this study, a variety of statistical methods were used to analyse the data which had collected from 176 respondents, in order to understand whether the physical factor, social factor and emotional factor significantly relate to iPhone perceptions, whether these three factors combined together and affected iPhone perception, whether there is a relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction, and whether demographic factor could be considered as a moderator influences on the relationship between iPhone perceptions and post purchase satisfaction according to the conceptual model. The following are the methods adoptedBi-variate regression analysis was used to calculate whether there was a relationship between the respondents preferences regarding the different factor (independent variable) and their perception of iPhone (dependent variable). This method was also used to test whether there was a relationship between the perception of respondents towards iPhone (independent variable) and the post purchase satisfaction (dependent variable). When measuring the importance of demographic moderating variables affect the satisfaction of iPhone (dependent variable), bi-variate regression analysis was be used as well.Multiple Regression analysis was conducted to analyse the degree of connection between three factors in terms of physical factor, social factor and emotional factor (independent variables) and the perception of iPhone (de pendent variable).Results and Hypotheses TestingProfile of the respondentsAmong the 176 respondents, 63 of them (35.8%) were male while 113 of them (64.2%) were female.72.7% of total sample are between the age of 20 and 23.Merely 13.1% of the respondents came from families with the family income level of less than RMB 5000 per month.61.4% of all the respondents studied in Business School.64.8% of the respondents have postgraduate educational level.The largest percentage of respondents came from East China, accounts for 43.8%, while only 5% of the respondents came from Northeast China.Factors influencing mobile phone choicesFactors influencing smartphone preferencesAccording to the questionnaire result, physical factors were the most important factors that influenced peoples purchasing of smartphones, with an average out score of 5.77 on the attitudinal scale while social factors were the least important with an average score of 4.65.Among the physical factors that influenced respon dents decision of buying smartphone quality was the most important with an average score of 6.21, while price was the least important with 5.17. Among social factors, pursuing fashion was the most important with an average score of 5.10 while group identity was the least important with 4.40. As to the emotional factors, the appearance of the smartphone was the most important in respondents sound judgement with 5.80 average score, while advertisements were of least importance with 4.09.As mentioned about the functions of smartphones, which are part of emotional factors that influencing peoples decision of buying smartphones, the function of browsing the websites was the most captivating with an average score of 5.70 while the function of video was the least important with 4.51.Factors related to iPhonesRegarding the iPhone, emotional factors were the most important factors affecting respondents purchasing behaviour with an average score of 5.26, while the social factors were the le ast important with 4.37.Among the physical factors, most of the respondents agreed with the sentence iPhone has a high quality, with this factor getting the highest score of 5.47. At the same time most of them think iPhone is expensive because the sentence iPhone has a reasonable price only registered the average score of 3.72. Within the social factors a majority of the respondents believed iPhone to be a symbol of fashion with the score of 5.65, while few people wanted to buy an iPhone just because their friends or family have one, this factor recording only 3.28. Among emotional factors, iPhone has a good design of appearance was the most agreeable sentence with the score of 5.61, and the sentence The advertisements of iPhone are attractive the least with an average score of 4.79.As to functions, included in emotional factors which influence peoples purchasing decisions regarding the iPhone, the availability of applications through which you can go over websites like Facebook or Youtube was the most attractive with a score of 5.91, while

Consider How Changes In Political Ideology Impact Social Work Essay

Consider How Changes In Political Ideology Impact accessible Work EssaySocial policy is intimately kind public assistance and its policies argon designed to promote this, friendly well-being is for e very(prenominal)one and its to ensure that everyone gets treated impartially and according to their needs. This may include argonas such as housing, education and complaisant c atomic number 18. According to the HM Treasurys outgo review 2010-11 the vast majority of money was spent on Wel out-of-the-way(prenominal)e and Health this illustrates that these two sectors especially social welf are are major factors at heart our company and are a priority. However some political political orientation suffer make impact on social policy in regards to how money is spent and in what ways.Social welfare and policy is provided by the governance and social policies are developed for the familiar and certain groups who need them. Social welfare on the other hand is given to muckle who are seen to be in need and may be seen as people who need a public service. Welfare service and healthcare are the key service in social policy. Social services and the healthcare outline are in place and are provided to give a service to help aid with peoples well-being. For exemplification these include people who are going through a crisis or serious personal issues to do with their health or personal receives. Social policy is incorporated with social welfare provision social welfare provision is about the needs of the people. The government plays a big part in social welfare because they sink on what to spend on such as housing and education. Social Policy is make by the government which are made up of partys politicians and parties that deliberate and decide on how to manage the country and its political needs. Politically speaking Social policies work together with employees of social welfare such as social workers as well as healthcare and the law. All these organisatio ns help to make up social policy and work on and for the maintain. Local Government are councillors which have been locally elected for example a local MP and as well as local authorities, these may include people such as school governors and members of the residential district health councils, these selected people work together to govern and implement what key policies are needed locally, and these are tailored policies specifically for their local communities. The local government may make decisions on housing and other local factors such as developments that may be needed and transport. The private sector is made up of businesses exclusives, local and central government who purchase welfare services such as private care homes and employ carers privately to care for service users. Social workers as well as the healthcare workers are involved in social policy for the reason that they will be putting whatever is clear-cut in social policy in practice. Central government is the political party who is elected nationally in the UK. At the last national preference the conservative party were voted in with this came their own political political theory in running the country and many changes were made.Political Ideology is a range of ideas and thoughts which can range from social wellbeing to laws being made it is also beliefs on society and social welfare. This can come from a right left university extension approach of thinking politically. This affects social policy and how social policy is approached because the decisions that is made effects peoples lives. For example when new labour was elected in 1997 its approach to social policy was a mix and right and left wing perspectives. The new right perspectives to social policy consist of views such as distinguishing between the merit and underserving poor. What is known as the deserving poor are those who are thought to deserve to receive welfare, an example of this is someone being poor through no fault of their own, while an undeserving poor is someone who may be poor due to their laziness such as not wanting to work. The title of deserving and undeserving varies from one individual to another, this is because everyones circumstances are different therefore it is harder to determine who is deserves to receive benefits from who does not. The new right approach suggests that the welfare system was making people depend on benefits and making them lazy. This was also referred to as the nanny state, however those who are welfare such as single fire families struggle and what is given is actually only enough to live on because benefits are accessed on what the government believes is enough for individuals to live take out. David Cameron the current Prime minister stated that he wanted to end the culture of entitlement and a bigger debate into welfare would be needed as the wrong signals were being direct out to unmarried and single parent families. This suggests even more than cu ts for those who are dependent on benefits as a way to get people off benefits and back into employment. Political ideology affects social work because these values affect practice. Ideas of political ideology shape practice and action, these actions can also influence ideas of ideologues which respond to the environmental pressures which surround them. (Marquand 1996,6.)Marxist had the view that the welfare state was biased and favours the working class to prevent a revolution. For the modern day welfare state this couldnt be any truer as we have seen with the conservatives party that the biggest spending cuts have hit the poor the worst.it seems as though especially to those who are worse off, for example families who receive benefits such as valuate credits etc. These are the people who are feeling the cuts the most while the well-situated have had far fewer cuts being made. Last year we saw that most of the changes being made were affecting the poor and working class the most, while the rich had their tax reduced. This is indeed an unfair change in regards to welfare because the changes seem to favour the rich more. The Guardian newspaper online reported that the poorest households would be hit the worst by benefits cuts, in reported government plans and the Department of Work and Pensions. It also stated that in a bid to save 3.1 billion working benefits would rise to 1% hitting the poor hardest.The guardian online featured a letter by MP Michael Meacher who pointed out that the recent welfare benefits reports bill and its percentages on cuts leaving the rich richer by paying less percentages in tax while the unemployed receiving benefits such as the job seekers allowance were being cut. It also argued ministers had failed to realise that the 20% cut that was going to be imposed would work out as less money for people to live on. The cut was argued to be applied because it was seen to be unfair that those unemployed had had a 20% rise while the lowest p aid only had a 10% pay rise. Even so those who are in less paid jobs are still financially better off than those on JSA, so again why are cuts being made to the poorest people in need. It was also pointed out that the richest that are on over 3000 a year had their income tax cut to almost 3bn a year, also the very richest increased their income and wealth over the last year according to the Sunday Times Rich List. With cuts being made and bills rising how is people going to contribute to eat and live? There is a struggle for the currently unemployed to get back in employment due to the lack of jobs. People are being pressured into either living a very poor life financially or working for wage which they may again struggle to live on and then being given a very low pension when they retire. This affects social work practice because more people will be in crisis and in a vulnerable state which may lead to intervention by professionals such as social workers being needed for well-bein g and support.The cuts to social care have seen only the ones who can afford to pay for care being able to receive care. The reason for this is budgets being cut for social care leaving those without financial security in need of support. According to ADASS in their budget survey (2011) councils were reducing their budgets by 991 million. They were also reducing their spending by 169 million for support for people. The implications and consequences of these cuts are that some council will have to make cutbacks to services in order to balance out their budgets. For those who cannot afford services this can serious implications as well as on impact on social work practice because of the intervention that may be needed. It also affects social work in the sense of how it is implicated as well as using the best methods for service users. According to this survey it increases more gaps within Social Care funding. The care and Support Bill 2012 abolished the local authorities right to remo ve a person in need from their homes. The reason for this could do with the cuts being made with in social care and as a way to save money have abolished this to save funding which would otherwise be spent on giving care to service users.The Just umbrella gives an insight into austerity the coalition and policy. The but umbrella pinpoints many actions the government at the moment and the way in which society is handled in regards to spending welfare etc. It also talks about the London bacchanalias and how they may have been an implicit in(p) factor as to why the riots took place. The riots stemmed from a man of ethnic minority who was shot and killed by the police, as a result the family wanted answers as to what happened and as to why their family member was shot. There was many speculation as to if the victim was armed or not or whether it was to do with racism. A dispassionate march began by the family demanding answers which soon escalated to the riots. The riots were blamed on gang culture and people taking advantage of an unfortunate situation. However nothing of unfair treatments of people and tension between the youths and the police were addressed. The riots may have been a cry for help and that may have been the chance for many more deprived members of society to have their say. Also the riots may have been due to frustrations built up as well as other underlying social factors which were not addressed. such(prenominal) as most of the people who were involved were part of less privileged communities who were worse off in terms of employment and housing. The finding s of the riot research found that over half 59% of rioters were from the 20% most deprived areas in the UK. The riots seem to have had much more of meaning than just that of the shooting of Mark Duggan. According to the Reading the riots report (2011) its findings were very interesting in regards to its contents. The study was to find out what have driven individuals in the riots and w ho were prudent of which came these findings of the analysis. 87% of the people who were interviewed out of 270 said that policing and tensions between the police and public were to blame because of the treatments they had from officers. This shows that policing and public frustrations were indeed key contributing factors as to why the riots happened. This unite with anger and frustrations in regards with the relationship between the police also added more fuel to the riots.The Blackwell companion to social work, social work and politics focuses on social work and ideology and the role in which social workers have. It argues that social workers have a power struggle with family and service users and these are due to political ideology and that social service and workers are political activists. Both the Just Umbrella the Backwell companion discuss changes and the state moving away from the neo-liberal economics in regards to restriction and Margaret Thatchers approach to politics. Both stated that the new right approach to social policy was focused on making the welfare state in busy better in regards for what works. However Blackwell argues that this gives room for politicians to pass difficult subjects to professionals to suggest solutions. The just umbrella also comments on what is known as the Big participation and that of the effects it has on society as well as the coalition policy. According to the Cabinet Office the big society is about giving more power to the people to help improve their lives, Transferring power from Whitehills to Local Communities. While the just umbrella recognises failings in the big Society and its local ideas, Blackwell points out ideology behind this and how it affects social work practice. It aims to put the point across that social work is heavily driven by politics and ideology. The social worker who claims to be above or beyond politics is one who has denied him or herself access to a set of conceptual tools which are directly necessary to a powerful informed conduct in todays complex world of practice. What is exactly meant by this statement is that social workers cannot fulfil their full potential of practice without accepting they are a part of politics. Accepting this gives social workers the knowledge and power to practice effective service. This is a matter of opinion however because it takes away from the social workers individual core beliefs. If a social worker does not agree with some aspects of political ideology this does not mean they do not have the tools to by rights practice social work.

Continuing the Womens Rights Movement in the US Essay -- Womens Lib

WOMENS LIBERATION Over the last century, women have made incredible progress in theirstruggle to claim their equal rights and humanity however, many issuespresented in the Declaration of Sentiments are still prevalent in todays society.Even after(prenominal) developing laws and regulations that sanction womens rights,something even larger continues to oppress women, keeping them from trueliberation. As one reads from the Declaration of Sentiments the list of injustices thatwomen dealt with daily in the 19th century seem almost endless. As theDeclaration says, The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries andusurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in coach object theestablishment of an absolute tyranny over her. The Seneca Falls WomensRights Convention of 1848 outlined the ways in which women lived semipolitically,economically, and socially dependent on men. The political and economic injustices that women faced were extensive. First, women we re not granted the right to vote. Women were expected to obeylaws in which they had no say in developing. Also, women had no representationin legislation. The male-dominated political science profited off single women whoowned land through unfair taxation. Men monopolized employment andprevented women from becoming involved in fields of law, medicine, or theology. Socially, women were encouraged to adopt however,...

Buenos Aries Essays -- essays research papers fc

The capital of the country, Buenos Aires is also Argentinas leading urban center in population, commerce, and industry. It is located more or less the Atlantic Ocean coast, on the broad Ro de la Plata, an estuary at the mouth of the Paran and Paraguay rivers. The early Spanish colonists named the city for the "good winds" that brought them to the port. Today close 10 million people live in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, one of the largest in the world. The city proper makes up a federal district, and its mayor is establish by the nations president. The city is not a part of Buenos Aires province, which surrounds it. The City--Its People and CommerceGreater Buenos Aires is do up of many settlements that grew together. The oldest European center lay in the neighborhood of the confront Plaza de Mayo, a large plaza in the downtown area. Streets in the city were laid out according to a grid pattern depict in the Cdigo de las Indias, a legal document followed by the Sp aniards in settling the Western Hemisphere. The original grid is today surrounded by Balcarce, 25 de Mayo, Viamonte, Libertad, Salta, and Estados Unidos streets. Growth of the city first followed the high elevations, along which ox- and horse-drawn two-wheeled carretas carried freight and which the modern main avenues and the rail lines also follow. The most recent developments in the city are the industrial sectors that extend from the old center southward, such as Dock Sud, La Boca, Barracas, Pinero, and Lans. The Paran River plays an important role in the life story of Buenos Aires. Oranges, grapefruit, cherries, plums, and vegetables are raised in its delta area. Vacation housing is widespread, and on weekends thousands of people fill the area to engage in recreational activities. The Paran not only provides recreation, further also links the hinterlands with Buenos Aires and supplies water to the population. The central business district has high-rise office buildings and ret ail stores. Automobiles are not allowed on the Calle Florida, and shoppers roam its elegant stores, coffee tree houses, and hotels. The nearby Calle Reconquista is the financial center. Outside the central business district much of the surrounding city has attractive cobblestone streets bordered by large, elegant houses and clarified shops. Many parks and local shopping districts blend in with the residential areas. Various... ...ce of hostile Indians. It was not until 1580 that Juan de Garay, a colonist from Asuncin, established what became the first permanent residential district at Buenos Aires. The city did not really begin to develop, however, until the late 1700s. In response to British and Portuguese expansion in the area and increased smuggling, Buenos Aires was made the seat of a Spanish viceroyalty in 1776. In the early 19th century Buenos Aires was a major center for the movement to free the country from Spain. The city leaders had foreseen great economic advantages f rom the free trade that independence would bring. After independence the city grew rapidly as the center of Argentine political power. In 1880 it was made the permanent capital of the republic. Through valet de chambre War I the city benefited from a stable economy and substantial foreign immigration. During and after World War II heavy industrial growth contributed to the citys expansion and reinforced its political and economic dominance of the country. Population (1986 estimate), federal district, 2,924,000. BibliographyComptons Encylcopedia Online - Aol Keyword ComptonsThe Learning Company - Aol.Keyword LearnMagellan Maps - Yahoo.com maps